龙驾马的托福备考日记 Long Gamma

龙驾马

Day 66

TPO 37 听力

对话
古秘鲁制品 错0对6
戏剧演出准备 错0对6

讲座
土壤形成 错1对5
猫的驯化 错2对4
文艺复兴艺术家 错2对4
恒温动物与变温动物 错2对4

这次对话终于全对了，其实秘鲁羽毛制品那篇有些细节没听懂，好在题目简单。而演出准备那篇，难度不大，里面的学生也是好事多磨，各种折腾。但没有这些折腾的话，也就没有考点啊。

讲座这次都有些难度，土壤，艺术季和生物都不容易。猫那篇应该最简单，但题目做的不好。

需要复习的句子
And the materials that dissolve easily in water can get lost completely if the water carries them horizontally out of the soil and into rivers.

I read that most of the really colorful feathers came from the rain forest and the societies who used them lived on the coast on the other side of the Andes Mountains, so the feathers had to be carried over the Andes.

But soil isn't static, and there’re still other processes that go into the formation of soil: the movement and loss of materials. The soil in any location isn't a uniform mixture.Its composition varies with depth.

And the materials that dissolve easily in water can get lost completely if the water carries them horizontally out of the soil and into rivers.

Now, of course, new mineral and organic material will be deposited at the surface and become incorporated into the soil, but you see how the processes of movement and loss contribute to the formation of soil.

In fact, extensive DNA analysis has now confirmed what archaeologists have believed for quite some time: all modern domestic cats arose from just one subspecies of wildcat from that single location, the Fertile Crescent, and not from any of the other four subspecies of wildcat located in other areas throughout the world.

In evolutionary terms, early settlements and agriculture in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 years ago, created a completely new environment for any wild animals that were flexible and curious enough to exploit it.

Mice were attracted to these settlements, and cats, being obligate carnivores- they must eat meat to thrive- they were almost certainly drawn to the settlements by the mice.

So they filled the niche of home companion in each region they entered- and effectively shut out the local subspecies that were already there.

For example, we don't know exactly who commissioned the painting or how long Da Vinci worked on it and there are actually many scholars who think the mystery makes the painting more interesting.

In his book, Vasari also tackled, quite successfully I might add, the enormous task of sorting out which works had been done by which artists, which works belong in the same stylistic categories, which works belong in similar categories in terms of quality and so on, stuff you take for granted today.

Vasari seemed to have overlooked a minor detail, however, the well documented fact that the king was far away when Da Vinci breathed his last breath.

In fact, any muscle movement increases metabolism, the process that produces heat and keeps your body temperature up when your surroundings get cold.

Well, a human, you know, might put on a winter coat or jump in a swimming pool, or elephants, elephants might splash themselves with cold water when it's warm out, but for the most part, no.

需要复习的单词：
Peruvian
intermission
inorganic
constituent
microbe
mystery
glimps
endotherm
ectotherm

龙驾马

Day 66

TPO 38 阅读


显微镜 错2对12
浣熊种群 错3对11
转基因植物 错2对12

几篇文章的难度感觉都中等，其中显微镜这篇难词稍多些，长难句的话都差不多。还是会有些细节题会做错，感觉容易想偏。
需要复习的句子：
Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro-physiological measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected.

The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.

Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.

For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle.

Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

需要复习的单词：

verbalize
habituation
olfactory
eliciting
neonate
electro
chronobiology
continuation
synchronize
hatch
humanness
endow
predominate
gripe

龙驾马

Day 67

TPO 38 听力

对话
暑期住宿 错0对6
交换项目 错1对5

讲座
郁金香病毒 错1对5
气态行星 错2对4
现代音乐 错3对3
品牌与广告 错1对5

这次的对话还行，不是太难。讲座里面的现代音乐和气态行星都比较难，题材不熟悉，很多陌生的单词，内容上也比较陌生，比如那个搞无声音乐的事情，曾有听说，但具体怎么回事真不知道，听教授上来一通说，就基本是懵了。还是需要耐心学习这些陌生题材。

需要复习的句子：

Right now you have got it to yourself but there's a chance someone else might sign up at the last minute, not likely.

And today there was booth set up in the student center with a couple of students answering questions about the university's programs in foreign countries.

By the early twentieth century, some composers in Europe and the United States, composers of what's considered classical music, were already moving away from traditional forms and were experimenting with different ways of composing.

Rauschenberg had created a series of famous paintings that consisted simply of white paint of different textures on canvas.

The fact that the audience was scandalized showed that they missed the whole point of his composition, which was that there's no such thing as silence, no such thing as a complete absence of sound, and whilst in fact during that first performance, the sound of wind and rain and people muttering.

It's been choreographed, in dance performances for instance, in which case the sound was the beat of the dancers' feet against the stage floor.


This ultimately results in stronger brand awareness, which leads to a more favorable impression of that product overall.

Now, most ads we see in the media-like in newspapers, television, or magazines- are placed where the product is matched with a medium of a similar "theme."

Even though it seems counterintuitive, research shows this also is an effective marketing strategy

We believe our solar system began as a huge spinning cloud of dust and gas, which flattened and eventually collapsed in on itself.

Um, dust, little grains of rock and metal within the disk collided with each other and stuck together, and this process sort of snowballed over millions of years until the chunks grew into mini-planets, proto-planets.

Because in fact, even on a purely white canvas, there's still plenty to see, shadows, dust, reflections.

Outer regions of an accretion disk can be unstable, gravitationally unstable, which is what causes these clumps to form, and in some cases, grow in to proto- planets.

需要复习的单词：
ecology
canvas
choreograph
misinterpretation
gravitational
accretion
ammonia
clump
congruent
counterintuitive
incongruent

龙驾马

Day 68

TPO 39

阅读

楔形文字   错2对12
始祖鸟灭绝  错3对11
森林火灾  错2对12

这三篇难度居中，题材上没有太陌生的背景知识，做起来感觉还可以。尤其是森林火灾这篇，长句很多，但大都非常工整。可能是目前题目已经做得比较多了，居然觉得读这些句子要比读短句更舒服。

需要复习的句子：

More esoteric texts attempt to explain old Babylonian customs, such as the procedure for curing someone who is ill, which included rubbing tar and gypsum on the sick person's door and drawing a design at the foot of the person's bed.

What is clear from the vast body of texts (some 20,000 tablets were found in King Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh) is that scribes took pride in their writing and knowledge.

Egyptologists have noticed that the glyphs that constitute individual words were sometimes shuffled to make the text more pleasing to the eye with little regard for sound or sense.

The Maori may have also inadvertently brought pests and disease organisms in fowls, which could have crossed over to eradicate moa populations.

Thus there are no New Zealand snakes, and bats, which flew there, and seals, which swam there, were the only mammals on New Zealand when Polynesian settlers (the Maori) arrived there about a thousand years ago.

Because major habitat destruction seems to have occurred after moa populations already were depleted, and because some habitat that could have sheltered moa populations remained, it would seem that other factors were also at work in the extinction of these birds.

The story of moa species and their demise raises ecological issues on the vulnerability of species to human-caused changes--including altered vegetative cover of the landscape, change in the physical environment, and modification of the flora and fauna of a region by eliminating some species and introducing others.

This recent increase in fires has resulted partly from climate change (the recent trend toward hot, dry summers) and partly from human activities, for complicated reasons that foresters came increasingly to understand about 30 years ago but whose relative importance is still debated.

Another factor is that the United States Forest Service in the first decade of the 1900s adopted the policy of fire suppression (attempting to put out forest fires) for the obvious reason that it did not want valuable timber to go up in smoke, or people's homes and lives to be threatened.

People began to realize that the United States federal government's fire-suppression policy was contributing to those big fires and that natural fires caused by lighting had previously played an important role in maintaining forest structure.

When a fire finally does start in a sapling-choked forest, whether due to lightning or human carelessness or (regrettably often) intentional arson, the dense, tall saplings young trees may become a ladder that allows the fire to jump into the crowns of the trees.

Foresters now identify the biggest problem in managing Western forests as what to do with those increased fuel loads that built up during the previous half century of effective fire suppression.

需要复习的单词：

hiero
cuneiform
hieroglyphic
glyphic
predator
fowl
paleoecological
archaeological
speculative
reproductive
appropriate
ponderosa

龙驾马

Day 69

TPO 40

阅读

两栖动物   错3对11
生物多样性  错2对12
古希腊城邦 错1对13

这几篇感觉都是杂糅了不同的学科，比如古希腊城邦讲了社会学，也讲了历史，生物多样性讲了生态，也讲了地理，还好目前做的题目比较多了，做起来已经不再发出。就是两栖生物那篇看题目不认真，错的多了点。
需要复习的句子：

In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature.


The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating.


The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed.

The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall: its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.


The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect.


The high plant biomass of the tropics leads to a greater spatial complexity in the environment, and this leads to a higher potential for diversity in the living things that can occupy a region.

Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens.


The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters.

The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region.

The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters.



需要复习的单词：

crevasses
desiccation
projection
biodiversity
aristocracy
harmonious

龙驾马

Day 70

TPO 24 听力分析

金星火山

文章结构

开头：教授开门场就提问，金星的云层表面下面是什么，马上引出本文主题

主体：利用探测器探测，利用上空雷达探测，发现了金星火山的活动。然后拿地球火山活动来对比，进一步讨论火山活动与云层的关系（回到开头主题）。

结尾：关于金星上火山的爆发，目前还没直接证据，只是理论推测。



题型

第一题
What is the lecture mainly about?
类型：主旨题
相关位置：开头

第二题
How were scientists able to learn new information about Venus' surface?
类型：细节题 双选题
相关位置：原文前半部分

第三题
What differences between volcanoes on Venus and those on Earth does the professor mention?
类型：细节题 双选题
相关位置：原文前半部分

第四题
Why does the professor mention the fact that Venus has no surface water?
类型：目的题
相关位置：原文中间


第五题
According to the professor, what is a possible origin of Venus' clouds?
类型：推论题
相关位置：接近结尾


第六题
What is the professor's opinion about the theory that Venus' volcanoes are active?
类型：态度题
相关位置：接近结尾

What is the professor's opinion about the theory t

龙驾马

Day 71

TPO 16 阅读分析

中东古代贸易

龙驾马

Day 72

TPO16 阅读

元素周期表


第1题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第一段中间

第2题
类型：推论题
相关位置：第一段末尾

第3题
类型：目的题
相关位置：第二段中间

第4题
类型：目的题
相关位置：第二段后面

第5题
类型：推论题
相关位置：第一段后面

第6题
类型：推论题
相关位置：第二段中间（for examle）

第7题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第二段中间

第8题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第三段中间

第9题
类型：细节题
相关位置：第三段中间

第10题
类型：推理题
相关位置：第三段末尾

第11题
类型：替换题
相关位置：第四段

第12题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第四段

第13题
类型：句子填空题
相关位置：第三段

第14题
类型：总结题
相关位置：第一段 第二段 第三段

主题句：The periodic table is a chart that reflects the periodic recurrence of chemical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus).

龙驾马

Day 73

TPO17 阅读

欧亚地区早期的海洋贸易


标签：历史 商业

文章结构：总分式

1.12-14世纪的欧亚贸易，发生了重要变化，陆路贸易难以继续，需要开辟海洋贸易

2.技术是实现远航的重要因素，远洋贸易可以带来丰厚回报

3. 风帆船可以逐步代替桨划船，实现远航。

4. 星盘的发展，让远洋航行的精准定位变得可能。



第1题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第一段中间

第2题
类型：推论题
相关位置：第二段开头

第3题
类型：推论题
相关位置：第二段开头

第4题
类型：目的题
相关位置：第二段后面

第5题
类型：推论题
相关位置：第一段后面

第6题
类型：细节题
相关位置：第二段

第7题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第二段中间

第8题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第二段中间

第9题
类型：细节题
相关位置：第三段中间

第10题
类型：推理题
相关位置：第二段末

第11题
类型：替换题
相关位置：第四段

第12题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第三段

第13题
类型：句子填空题
相关位置：第四段

第14题
类型：总结题
相关位置：第一段 第二段 第三段

龙驾马

Day 74

TPO20 阅读

亚洲的古人类定居点


标签：人类学

文章结构：总分式（第一段总；第二段分；第三段分；第四段分）

1.冰河时代末期，气温上升，根据考古学的证据，发现人类数目变化巨大。

2.西亚地区的指数数量，古人工具数量，证明当地人类数目增加。

3. 通过对农作物遗迹，定居点遗址的研究，证明当地人类数目增加。

4. 通过对家畜遗迹的研究，耕地的研究，证明当地人类数目增加。



第1题
类型：主旨题
相关位置：第一段

第2题8
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第二段

第3题
类型：目的题
相关位置：第二段

第4题
类型：推理题
相关位置：第三段

第5题
类型：细节题
相关位置：第一段

第6题
类型：推理题
相关位置：第二段

第7题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第三段

第8题
类型：细节题
相关位置：第二段

第9题
类型：细节题
相关位置：第三段

第10题
类型：替换题
相关位置：第三段

第11题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第二段

第12题
类型：词汇题
相关位置：第四段

第13题
类型：句子填空题
相关位置：第二段

第14题
类型：总结题
相关位置：第一段 第二段 第三段  第四段