好像在jj里没看到,三段简单,讲了一种T物质被用来当清洁材料,第一段讲这种物质是被用在牙膏里的,后来发现可用来当清洁材料清除pollutant。第二段举例讲T具体的application。第三段提了这种物质的limitation。
T物质 = titanium dioxide?
JOURNAL ARTICLE Paving Out Pollution LINDA WANG Scientific American Vol. 286, No. 2 (FEBRUARY 2002), p. 20 Published by: Scientific American, adivision of Nature America, Inc. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26059543 Page Count: 1
A COMMON WHITENER HELPS TO CLEAN THE AIR
Buildings, roads and sidewalkshave developed an appetite for air pollution. Researchers in Japan and HongKong are testing construction materials coatedwith titanium dioxide—thestuff of white paint and toothpaste—tosee how well they can fight pollution.
Better known as a pigment for whiteness, titanium dioxide can clear the air because itis an efficient photocatalyst: it speeds the breakdown of water vapor by ultravioletlight. The results of this reaction are hydroxyl radicals, which attack bothinorganic and organic compounds, and turn them into molecules that can beharmlessly washed away with the next rainfall. But it wouldn’t work to smear toothpaste on the sidewalk—the titanium dioxidecrystals in such applications are too large (about 20 to 250 nanometers wide).The width of the pollution-fighting form is about seven nanometers, offeringmuch more surface area for photocatalysis.
In the early 1970s researchers from the Universityof Tokyo described titanium dioxide’s photocatalytic abilities. Since then, scientistshave exploited the compound to kill bacteria on hospital surfaces and to treatcontaminated water. Fighting nitrogen oxide on the streets is the latest twist.In Hong Kong, concrete slabs coated with titanium dioxide removedup to 90 percent of nitrogen oxides, most commonly spewed from older cars anddiesel trucks and a contributor to smog, acid rain and other environmental headaches.In taking care of the contaminants, a coating of titanium dioxide did in minutes what theenvironment does in months, says Jimmy Chai-Mei Yu, a chemist at the ChineseUniversity of Hong Kong. Moreover, he adds, because titanium dioxide is acatalyst, it could last forever.
Despite its promise, the compound is no magical cure. “The bigproblem with titanium dioxideis that it doesn’t absorb sunlight very well,” says Carl Koval, achemist at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Only 3 percent of sunlightfalls into the range needed for the titanium dioxide to work, points out Adam Heller, a chemicalengineer at the University of Texas at Austin. A recent advance by Ryoji Asahi of Toyota Central R&D Laboratoriesin Nagakute, Japan, boosted the efficiency to 10 percent, but, Heller notes,“it’s still a small fraction of the sunlight.”
And although titanium dioxide is relatively inexpensive,paving roads and coating buildings with this substance could add up. “Thecountries with the most air pollution will benefit the most from thistechnology,” Yu observes, “but unfortunately those are the countries that won’tbe able to afford it.” |