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- 2019-9-18
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While many factors contributed to the development of state-organized societies, three elements appear to have been of great importance. The first was the creation of large food surpluses, used to support new economic classes of nonfarmers. Such surpluses require long-term age far above the capacity of individual households. Thus, not only greater agricultural efficiency, but social and cultural changes such as centralized storage systems were needed to manage the new food supplies.
Second, major agricultural production focused on the most productive crops. But it was still diversified, both to protect people against famine, and also to stimulate the development of trade and exchange of foodstuffs. This deliberate diversification and exchange encouraged the emergence of centralized political authority.
Third, intensive land use increased agricultural output, through the use of simple irrigation works, specialized swamp agriculture, or other means. The earliest irrigation works involved just the construction and maintenance of small-scale canals that watered fields close to rivers, a logical extension of natural flood conditions.
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