9.27 RC放狗

陈domi

裤头第一天。这运气真的是。。。RC放狗：一篇是北美猛犸象，讨论猛犸象应该被重新引入。之前7月份的JJ有过这个，很容易找到。一篇是讨论社会组织形式集中的原因，有三个，都和food 有关，一个是food的储存系统，一个是灌溉系统，一个是大家越来越集中种主食（这个原因里还提到了贸易原因，中介等）。

酱0v0

感恩楼主！！！

Milkyyyy

感谢分享！               

Juliazzzz

感谢楼主！有看过猛犸象那篇的小伙伴求好心分享一个传送门

billyisfragile!

是原文吗？

World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction - Page 170
Brian M. Fagan - 1996

ABout 3250 B.C., the first state-organized societies appeared in Egypt and Mesopotamia, ushering in a new chapter in human history. The emergence of the world’s first states was a complex process that took many centuries.

Irrigation and Intensive Land Use

While many factors contributed to the development of state-organized societies, three elements appear to have been of great importance. The first was the creation of large food surpluses, used to support new economic classes of nonfarmers. Such surpluses require long-term age far above the capacity of individual households. Thus, not only greater agricultural efficiency, but social and cultural changes such as centralized storage systems were needed to manage the new food supplies.

Second, major agricultural production focused on the most productive crops. But it was still diversified, both to protect people against famine, and also to stimulate the development of trade and exchange of foodstuffs. This deliberate diversification and exchange encouraged the emergence of centralized political authority.

Third, intensive land use increased agricultural output, through the use of simple irrigation works, specialized swamp agriculture, or other means. The earliest irrigation works involved just the construction and maintenance of small-scale canals that watered fields close to rivers, a logical extension of natural flood conditions.

Archaeologist Robert Adams has studied large-scale irrigation works in Mesopotamia and shown that the Sumerians took maximum advantage of the natural hydrology of local rivers. Each small community organized its own canals, as they did in early Egypt. It was only after the establishment of despotic rule that the central government organized irrigation works on large scale. Such systems extended over entire river valleys and landscapes, requiring constant administration and maintenance.

thalia39

Juliazzzz 发表于 2019-9-27 15:19
感谢楼主！有看过猛犸象那篇的小伙伴求好心分享一个传送门

同求

陈domi

bzy! 发表于 2019-9-27 16:27
是原文吗？

World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction - Page 170

牛逼兄弟，就是原文

claireqiuqiu

感谢分享！               

gshlucas

【版本1】
P1： California Sacramento valley 的[url=]outcrops[/url][Keyes1] 岩石层有奇特的光滑表面, ranging from 不同的高度. 研究怀疑是史前动物（mammoth and someother animal name..）在河边洗完澡，摩擦石头表面造成的。
P2：domestic animals exist in the valley over a century old. Domesticanimals like to rub themselves over the 木桩(poles)什么的. 所以domestic animals could have caused the smooth surface onthe lower levels of the outcrops。但是不能解释高处(14 feet)的smooth surface.另一种解释是风吹雨打造成高处的腐蚀，但通常天气造成的腐蚀should be thesimilar on all tops of the rocks.
P3：最近的研究证明，weather cannot cause the same patterns of the 光滑表面 on the rocks. 研究证明，高处的岩石层sample shows 痕迹类似于动物园大象摩擦柱子的痕迹。
关键词
[Keyes1]outcrop 岩石露出地面的部分
[Keyes2]domestic 本国的
[Keyes3]rub 摩擦

【版本2】
P1：Stone上的痕迹可能是M动物rubbing造成的
P2：提出两种其他的可能：（1）是M以外的其他动物rubbing造成的；（2）天气造成的，但作者之后又推翻了这两种可能，理由是：（1）其他动物没那么高，痕迹位置太高了；（2）天气留下的痕迹不是这样的。
P3：作者自己认为是M动物Rubbing留下的，而且很可能是M这种很像大象的动物，在泥巴澡后在石头上rub造成的。

【版本3】
P1：发现很多光滑石头，高于地面14英尺（单位不记得），推测是某大型动物迁徙过程中在一个叫mollow里（偶理解为泥坑之类的地方）洗完澡磨身体导致的
P2：很多家畜也有在石头上磨身体的习惯，是不是有可能是它们导致的—应该不可能，因为它们的体型太小，石头太高（高于地面14英尺）；有些人认为是气候，也不太可能，因为如果气候，各个地方都应该出现类似的光滑石头，而且后来用科技手段分析了，那些光滑的石头不是因为气候导致的
P3：而且据观察，今天动物园里的大象也会在木桩上磨身体，类似于光滑石头

【版本4】
P1：California Sacramento valley 的outcrops岩石层有奇特的光滑表面,ranging from 不同的高度有6feet 的有14feet的. 研究怀疑是史前动物（mammothand some other animal name..）在河边洗完澡，摩擦石头表面造成的。
P2：domestic animals exist in the valley over a century old. Domesticanimals like to rub themselves over the 木桩(poles)什么的----这里有个考题. 所以domesticanimals could have caused the smooth surface on the lower levels of theoutcrops。但是不能解释高处(14 feet)的smooth surface.另一种解释是风吹雨打造成高处的腐蚀，但通常天气造成的腐蚀should be the similar on all tops of the rocks.
P3：最近的研究证明，weather 可以构成不同的光滑表面on the rocks. 但是不是weather造成的，因为用microscopy研究了刮痕，发现和weather形成的不一样。同时研究证明，高处的岩石层sampleshows 痕迹类似于动物园大象摩擦柱子的痕迹。
 

gshlucas

猛犸象的是这个吗？