【阅读】11/15起悦读寂静整理（11.24日更新，49篇原始,39篇考古）

lavas

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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/aesthetics-technology-and-the-capitalization-of-culture-how-the-talking-machine-became-a-musical-instrument/45F40C4DDCA404478153460B1CE380A4

第二段说之后后来那个流行的原因。但是后来，托马斯的G在商业上超过的爱迪生的。主要原因是被卖给的了一家大公司。该公司对该产品进行了一定的经营活动。另外一个原因是由于爱迪生的产品的市场定位是在一般的商业用户，而另外那种则面向广大的普通用户。而且，后者认为他们除了提供留声机之外，更重要的是还要提供相关内容（唱片）。该公司后来请了当时著名的歌剧明星来灌制唱片，为的是提供democratic assess for the public a kind of cultured and privileged lifestyle。最后一句是说Victor这边有great singers的support, Edison爷爷那里是没有的.

一篇关于二十世纪初爱迪生和托马斯发明的留声机发展的文章。当时的留声机有两种，Phonograph和Y，Edison和Bell，Edison发明Phonograph，Bell发明Y。刚开始的时候，Edison的留声机比较畅销，获取了巨大的商业成功，而且Edison名气大，除了爱迪生在商业运做上的成功之外，更主要的是留声机的声音品质也很好，能实现recording 和Playback的功能。Moreover，还有一个advantage。

This article uses the history of early sound recording technology in the United States between 1878 and 1915 to show how published discourse contributed to the way the talking machine was defined and situated as a commercially viable product. Comparing the published accounts of Edison's phonograph and Berliner's gramophone in popular scientific articles between 1878 and 1896 illustrates that technological advances in sound recording technology take on important cultural meanings. Critical to these meanings is the way in which the technological ''fidelity'' is linguistically transformed into an aesthetic quality, projected and interpreted within demonstrable values of musical culture. Beginning in 1902, the Victor Talking Machine Company, formed to market the gramophone, took advantage of these cultural meanings to claim a technological advantage over Edison's cylinder recorder. Whose voice was recorded became part of the claim to technological superiority. The Victor Company succeeded in capitalizing ''Culture'' by promoting their recordings of opera stars like Enrico Caruso as technologically and culturally faithful to live musical performance and as a democratically available access to a privileged lifestyle. Thus did the Victor Company use a terrier and a tenor to legitimate their talking machine as an American musical instrument.

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simona1029

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格斑马的gmat

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billyisfragile!

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Deforestation and Its Effects in Highland Madagascar
Daniel W. Gade
Mountain Research and Development
Vol. 16, No. 2 (May, 1996), pp. 101-116
Published by: International Mountain Society
DOI: 10.2307/3674005
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3674005
Page Count: 16

P1: 某地的highland从前是森林。这个highland发现了28种植物都是只有在forest的条件下才能产生的（有题）。

Several lines of evidence support the idea that the Highlands were once forested. All living mammalian species on Madagascar are forest dwelling, including the 28 kinds of lemurs, all of which are arboreal (Figure 2). Moreover, subfossils belonging to now extinct animals of the forest have been recovered from treeless highland sites along with trunks and more than two dozen tree fruits (Perrier de la Bathie, 1914; 1927a). Pollen spectra, dated roughly about AD. 1000, from a site near Lake Itasy can be interpreted as being from forest vegetation (MacPhee et al., 1985: 470).

P2：很多调查人员（高亮考题）认为highland森林的消失与其自然气候有关：在雨季之后会有七个月的旱季。然后作者认为，这种论断忽略了以下两点：一，露珠可以让土壤保持适度；二，fog will lead water balance

Some researchers have continued to interpret the vegetation of Madagascar’s highlands differently. Bourgeat (1972: 107) believed that grassland reflects a changing climate since the late Quaternary. Dewar (1984: 588) has argued for a highland mosaic of forest and grassland as a response to seasonal lack of rainfall. For his part, Raison (1984: II: 266) asserts that the forest-grassland mosaic in the Middle West subregion is in response to a long dry season and fohn-like easterly winds. However, seasonal desiccation as an explanation ignores two microclimatic characteristics of the Madagascan highland forest. Lichens and mosses on the forest floor hold large quantities of water to protect the soil from drying out and, in addition, fog drip and dew condensation contribute to the water balance enabling a closed forest to maintain itself in a wet-dry climatic regime.

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