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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Males Feeding Females during Incubation. I. Required by Microclimate or Constrained by Nest Predation?
Thomas E. Martin and Cameron K. Ghalambor
The American Naturalist
Vol. 153, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 131-139
Published by: The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists
DOI: 10.1086/303153
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/303153
Page Count: 9
Abstract
Nest attentiveness (percentage of time spent on the nest) during incubation represents a parent‐offspring conflict; incubating birds must balance a trade‐off between caring for embryos by staying on the nest versus caring for themselves by getting off the nest to forage. For species in which females are the sole incubator, males can potentially affect this trade‐off and increase nest attentiveness by feeding incubating females on the nest (incubation feeding). Increased nest attentiveness may be required when local microclimate conditions are harsh and thereby require greater incubation feeding (microclimate hypothesis). Alternatively, incubation feeding may be constrained by risk of attracting nest predators (nest predation hypothesis), which in turn may constrain female nest attentiveness because of energy limitation. We show that incubation feeding rates are much greater among cavity‐nesting than among coexisting open‐nesting birds. Under the microclimate hypothesis, the greater incubation feeding rates of cavity‐nesting birds generate the prediction that microclimate should be harsher than for open‐nesting birds. Our results reject this hypothesis because we found the opposite pattern; cavity‐nesting birds experienced more moderate (less variable) microclimates that were less often below temperatures (i.e., 16°C) that can negatively impact eggs compared with open‐nesting species. In contrast, incubation feeding rates were highly negatively correlated with nest predation both within and between the two nest types, supporting the nest predation hypothesis. Incubation feeding in turn was positively correlated with nest attentiveness. Thus, nest predation may indirectly affect female incubation behavior by directly affecting incubation feeding by the male.
Avian embryos can suffer fitness costs such as increased mortality and reduced developmental rate with decreasing nest attentiveness (percentage of time that a parent sits on the nest) during incubation (White and Kinney 1974; Ca- rey 1980; Lyon and Montgomerie 1985). Thus, high at- tentiveness should be a preferred state, possibly being somewhat relaxed in species with well-insulated nests (White and Kinney 1974). However, incubating birds are often constrained in their nest attentiveness because of limited energy resources (White and Kinney 1974; Martin 1987). Indeed, many birds require short recesses from the nest to obtain exogenous food resources to allow contin- ued incubation. In the many species in which females incubate alone, males may reduce recesses and increase attentiveness by bringing food to incubating females and supplementing their energy resources. Such incubation feeding has been reported in a wide diversity of bird taxa (Lack 1940; Kendeigh 1952; Silver et al. 1985), and intraspecific studies have shown that greater incubation feeding can yield increased attentiveness (von Haartman 1958; Lyon and Montgomerie 1985; Lifjeld and Slagsvold 1986; Halupka 1994). Yet the influence of incubation feeding on nest attentiveness across species is unexamined despite the fact that incubation feeding rates and nest attentiveness vary extensively across species (e.g., Kendeigh 1952; Silver et al. 1985).
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