以前有学者研究动物的 post conflict reconciliation behavior 即冲突后和解行为,认为动物 有这种行为的比例很高。但是这个研究是有漏洞的,因为没有区分研究对象 group 的 variety,样本规模也很小,不具备代表性。
Friendly reunion after conflict (i.e. reconciliation) has been reported for about 30 primate species (Aureli & de Waal 2000, page 383) and is particularly frequent for the genera Macaca (see Matsumura 1996, and references therein) and Pan (e.g. de Waal & van Roosmalen 1979; de Waal 1987). However, current research suffers from various shortcomings: for example (1) the variability between groups of the same species (cf. de Waal & Luttrell 1989; Call et al. 1996; Castles et al. 1996) is rarely addressed; (2) the majority of studies investigate only a small fraction of the dyads that exist in a given group; (3) all but a handful of reports (see Discussion) are restricted to captivity; and (4) few studies refer to colobines (McKenna 1977; Ren et al. 1991; Bjo¨rnsdotter et al. 2000). The lack of field studies is especially regrettable since postconflict behaviour in the wild may differ from that in captivity where animals cannot easily maintain their distance from a former opponent. In addition, interspecies variability can be understood only if a wider range of social systems is investigated, and colobines are certainly underrepresented in this respect.