一篇是讲midUnlinkdle ear降低音量的作用,一屏半,第一段总起,
第二段讲降低外界的声音和降低自己发出的声音,举了个例子:婴儿哭的时候听到的声音和听到外界火车的声音一样大(问作用),
第三段是middle ear对不同频率的声音的处理,
第四段人和鸟类作对比
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-193680-1-1.html
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1017944-1-1.html
Background about middle ear muscles from Encyclopædia Britannica
Two minuscule muscles are located in the middle ear. The longer muscle, called the tensor tympani, emerges from a bony canal just above the opening of the eustachian tube and runs backward then outward as it changes direction in passing over a pulleylike projection of bone. The tendon of this muscle is attached to the upper part of the handle of the malleus. When contracted, the tensor tympani tends to pull the malleus inward and thus maintains or increases the tension of the tympanic membrane. The shorter, stouter muscle, called the stapedius, arises from the back wall of the middle-ear cavity and extends forward and attaches to the neck of the head of the stapes. Its reflex contractions tend to tip the stapes backward, as if to pull it out of the oval window. Thus it selectively reduces the intensity of sounds entering the inner ear, especially those of lower frequency.
Another piece of information
There are two small muscles in the middle
ear: the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles. The former pulls the manubrium of the malleus inward, while the latter is attached to the stapes and pulls the stapes in a direction that is perpendicular to its pistonlike motion. The stapedius muscle is the smallest striated muscle in the body, and it contracts in response to an intense sound (of about 85 dB above the threshold of hearing). This is known as the acoustic middle-ear reflex. The muscle's contraction reduces sound transmission through the middle
ear and thus acts as a regulator of input to the cochlea. Perhaps a more important function of the stapedius muscle is that it contracts immediately before and during a person's own vocalization, reducing the sensitivity of the speaker's ears to his or her own voice and possibly reducing the masking effect of an individual's own voice. The role of the tensor tympani muscle is less well understood, but it is thought that contraction of the tensor tympani muscle facilitates proper ventilation of the middle-ear cavity.
2. 中耳肌肉
关于中耳肌肉过往的JJ:
2004.1
6.中耳肌肉问题
中耳肌肉问题,文中提到中耳对声音,无论大小,如噪音和婴耳声,其最初的反应都是一样的,都是先收缩。文中有提到中耳朵对声音的反应与身体的其他器官对外界的反应不同
,一个是自发,另一个不是自发的。此句有题。也有问提火车干吗题。
版本1人的中耳的肌肉功能.1.消除高频保护耳朵.2消除低频保护耳朵3,保护头骨对自己声音的传导给耳朵的伤害.4人耳的这些功能在别的动物中也有,但还是有些不同
版本2:
中耳肌那篇. 我也看得很明白. 可是选项很模糊. 比如问说火车干嘛.就没有选项说举例说明自己的声音可以造成多大效果.每个都含含糊糊. 我不记得最后选了什么.
2004.2
2.中耳肌肉(50多行)
主要讲中耳肌肉的功能——保护耳朵不受损伤。防止婴儿自己说话的声音对大脑的伤害,婴儿自己说话的声音与火车的声音比较(题:提及火车的声音的目的)。最后一段中耳肌肉
在其他脊椎动物中也有相同的保护作用,以鸟为例。
2道细节题,1道主题题
2002.11
7.中耳肌肉
有题关于:
1. 中耳肌的特点: 选最后一个: 与其他肌肉不同, 不可以voluntary 控制
2. 举列火车的声音, 婴儿的哭声as loud as the sound of the train, 为了: 有两个选项区分: 为了比较effect of sound, 为了说明中耳肌的作用, 我选了后者(也不确定),
请后面的XDJM确认
3. 中耳肌的细节题, 分得很散
【版本?】【02 年11 月】[版本二]
一个保护内耳(例子作用题提到火车为什么,为了说明没有中耳保护,人们自己的说话声对人的伤害就象火车声一样);二过滤声音,过滤高音中的低音部分,增强听力,该处有
细节题,问作者Indicate。
question: what is the purpose of line 14?(some people say M is not possible for forest)
why does author mention fog and moist?
1. 主题题
2. 提到火车的声音起何作用
3. 文中关于中耳肌的描述正确?
我选:中耳肌将声音从鼓膜传递到内耳
中耳肌肉的功能,首先减少影响,保护内耳,如果没有他们,一个小孩哭的声音有如一辆火车(有题),然
后是过滤声音,是人能听清别人的声音和自己的声音,, 后谈到鸟和脊椎动物进行比较。
中耳耳骨肌肉的那篇文章说到中耳耳骨肌肉有什么特别的地方,说到那一块的肌肉不受什么的控制然后有个什么特别的地方,然后说到loudly noise会通过这个中耳肌肉然后被降低,(大概就是这个意思 ),还有个别的功能,然后后面又一个example。好想那个功能就是那个中耳可以屏蔽一些noise但是不影响正常声音的传播,然后说到听传道和听骨链。最后还用那个夜莺打比方,说夜莺的耳朵也有这种类似的功能,她们唱歌的时候发出的声音不影响她们听别的声音。
Modern industry has produced a noisy world. The din of jackhammers, the whine of jet engines and the blare ofamplified electric guitars have become all too common place. It was thereforeconsiderate of nature to have equipped the human ear with a rather sophisticatednoise-reduction system: two small muscles that are attached to the ossicles(听小骨), thetiny bones that connect the eardrum to the cochlea (the structure that housesthe sound-receptor cells). When the muscles contract, they dampen thevibrations of the ossicles, thereby reducing the acoustic signal thatultimately reaches the inner ear. 现 代 工业造 成 了一 个嘈杂的 世 界。 抛镐 的 嘈杂 声 ,喷 气 发 动机 的 长鸣 声 、电吉 他的扩 音 演 奏声 比 比 皆是。因此,使人耳具备相 当高级 的降 嘴装 置一一 两小 条肌 肉附 在连 接鼓 室 和耳蜗 (声 音感受 器 寓 于其中 的结 构物 )的听 小骨 上,实 乃 天 造地 设 。这 两 条肌 肉收 缩 时 能抑 制 听小骨 的振 动 ,从 而 减弱 最终 到达内耳 的声信 号 。
Although they are skeletalmuscles (骨骼肌) (in fact they are the smallest skeletal muscles in the human body), themiddle-ear muscles are not under voluntary control. They contract reflexively abouta tenth of a second after one or both ears are exposed to loud external sounds.Indeed, the characteristics of the reflex have become so well known that deviations from the normal response serve as a basis for diagnosing various hearing disorders and neurological conditions. 中耳 肌 虽是骨骼 叽 (实 际 上是 人体最小的骨骼肌 ),却不受随意 控 制 。 中耳肌 大 约是 在单 耳 或两耳 暴露 于外界强声后 1/1O秒钟发生 反 射性 收 缩 。反 射 的特性 已是众所 周 知 的 ,所 以对 这 种正常 响 应的偏 离也 就 成 了种 种 听力障 碍 和神经病 症 的诊 断基 础 。
The muscles of the middle earcontract not only in response to loud external sounds but also immediately beforea person vocalizes. This prevocalization reflex operates even when one speaks,sings or cries as softly as possible. Yet most evidence suggests that it ismeant to protect the inner ear from the fatigue (疲 劳),interference and potential injury caused by one's own louder utterances, whichcan result in high sound levels in one's head. The shouting and wailing ofchildren or babies, for example, can reach their own ears with the sameintensity as the sound of a train passing nearby. The middle-ear muscles domore than just indiscriminately (不分青 红皂白)attenuate(衰减)internalor loud external sounds in humans. The muscles muffle(减弱)primarily a loud sound's lower frequencies, which tend to overpower its higher frequencies.The net result of this frequency selectivity is to improve hearing-particularlyof those sounds that contain many high-frequency components, such as humanspeech. In fact, the middle-ear muscles are what enables one to hear otherpeople talking even while one is speaking.
人的中耳肌不但会随 外界的声 音而收缩,而且也会在 自己发声前 的瞬间发生收缩 :即使是在尽量柔 声柔 气 地说 话 、唱 歌或 哭 泣 的时候 、 也会 发 生这 种发 声前 的 反射 。但是 , 大 多数证 据 表 明 ,这种 反 射 的意义 在于 防止 内耳疲 劳 ,使 之 不受 干扰 , 不致因 自己嗓 门过大而暗 中受伤 (可能造成头内声级增高J。例如.儿童 或 婴 儿 的喊 叫声 和痛 哭声 到达 自己 耳 朵 会 像一 列从 身边 过 去 的列 车 的 声 音 一样 强 。 人的中耳肌所发挥的作用 只是 不加 鉴别地减 弱体 内 的或 外来 的 强 声 。中耳肌 主要是 消 除 较低 频率 的 强 声。因为低 频 率往 往 会压倒 高 频 。 这种 频率 选 择性 的净 结 果 可 以提 高 听力,特 别是 对 那些 包含 许 多高频 成 分 的声 音 (如人 的语言 等 )的听 力。实际上,即使在说着话,人也 能够 听到别人谈话,就是 多亏有 了 中耳 肌 。 Although the stapedius muscle of a bird always contracts during vocalization andswallowing, it does not appear to contract reflexively in reBRAIN STEM sponse to loud external sounds. The primary role of the muscle in birds, then, seems to be the prevention of sensory overload of the auditory receptors during thebirds' own loud cries. Indeed, the screech of seagulls and the crow of cockscan result in sound-pressure levels of as much as 130 decibels (measured at thehead)- about the level of noise produced by a jet engine 15 meters away.
鸟的镫骨肌 虽然 在发声和吞咽 时都收缩,但是,对外来强声似乎 不会 发生 反射性 收缩 。所 以鸟类 的 镫 骨肌 的主 要作 用 似乎 是 防止 声 音 感受 器 因 自己的大 叫 而发 生 感觉 超 负荷 。海 欧 的尖 叫 声 和雄 鸡 的啼 鸣 确实 会使 声压 级 高达 130分 贝(在头 部测 得 ) ,即大 约 为喷 气 发 动机 在 l5米 远 处的噪 声级 。
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