Minority Material Extract

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Racial or ethnic minorities

However, national minority can be theoretically (not legally) defined as a group of people within a given national state:

• which is numerically smaller than the rest of population of the state or a part of the state
• which is not in a dominant position
• which has culture, language, religion, race etc. distinct from that of the majority of the population
• whose members have a will to preserve their specificity
• whose members are citizens of the state where they have the status of a minority.
• which have a long-term presence on the territory where it has lived.
  

The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves".Each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave comprised women'ssuffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s.


In the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined retroactively to categorize these western movements after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as political inequalities.


domesticity
benevolence
altruism




Native Americans
tribal lands
territoriality
contemporary trust lands

Native Americans (also Aboriginal Americans, American Indians, Amerindians, or Indigenous Peoples of America) are the people, and their descendants, who were in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean Islands when Europeans arrived. There are many different tribes of Amerindian people, with many different languages. There are more than three million Native Americans in Canada and the U.S. combined. Approximately 51 million Native Americans live in Latin America.

Sometimes these people are called "Indians", but this is confusing, because it is the same word used for people from India. WhenChristopher Columbus was travelling west, he did not know about the Americas. He thought he was going to India, so he called the people "Indians".

Many Amerindians died after the Europeans came to the Americas, from diseases that came with the Europeans that were new to the Amerindians, in wars with the Europeans, or because the Europeans made them work as slaves. Most of the Amerindians were hurt or killed by settlers who took their lands.

The ancestors of American Indians came to the Americas from Asia. Some of them may have come to America over 12,000 years ago whenAlaska was connected to Siberia by the Bering land bridge.