[原创]不再潜水，重创听力长段子

melodybb1224

好，大家好才是真的好~

888ufo

3。芭蕾舞蹈历史的考点

芭蕾舞最早開始於歐洲文藝復興

時代的義大利宮廷，此時的宮廷舞稱為Balletti(芭蕾Ballet一字即根緣於此 )，直到義大利公主凱撒琳‧麥德西 ( Catherine de Medici ) 嫁給法國亨利二世，才介紹義大利戲劇到法國，因她的影響，義大利音樂家與舞蹈家接踵而至到巴黎。1581年以宮廷芭蕾 ( Ballet de Cout)為主，縱合音樂、舞蹈、劇本與舞台設計，為皇家娛樂中不可缺之縱合藝術。

　　法國國王路易十四(Louis XIV)，13歲便開始習舞，是一位卓越的舞蹈家，為了
培養舞者及發展芭蕾舞藝術，於1661年設立了歷史上第一間舞蹈學校，這所學校一
直流傳至今，現在名為「法國國立音樂舞蹈學校」，屬於巴黎歌劇院。

　　1832年浪漫派的芭蕾舞家為了使女舞者的舞姿更完美，創新了由瑪麗‧塔格里
尼(Marie Taglioni)用腳尖站立的技術。

　　1847年，年輕的法國編舞家佩提巴(Marius Patipa)被邀請到俄國擔任舞者及編
舞，佩提巴與音樂家柴可夫斯基及編舞家伊凡諾夫，共同創作了天鵝湖、胡桃鉗、
睡美人等不朽芭蕾舞劇，此為俄國芭蕾舞的黃金時代。

English Version:

When Louis XIV was crowned his interest in dancing was strongly supported and encouraged by Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin, (formerly Mazarini), who assiste Louis XIV. The young king made his ballet debut as a boy, but it was in 1653 as a teenager that he accomplished his most memorable feat as a dancer. He performed a series of dances in Le Ballet de la Nuit and for his final piece he appeared as Apollo, god of the sun. Wearing a fancy golden Roman-cut corselet and a kilt of golden rays he came to be known as the Sun King.

These are some of the most well-loved and famous ballets of all time. The current top five are classical and romantic ballets but I could switch these at any time.  Swan Lake,The Nutcracker,The Sleeping Beauty,Les Sylphides,and Giselle.

It was during the pre-romantic era that ballerinas first started dancing on the very tips of their toes, or en pointe. The earliest record of ladies dancing en pointe is a lithograph of Fanny Bias en pointe in 1821, and it is possible that Geneviève Gosselin was en pointe in 1815. However, the lady who is traditionally credited with being the first dancer to dance en pointe is the Italian Marie Taglioni, (1804-1884), and we know that she was en pointe when she was eighteen years old.

888ufo

4.The Origin of Agriculture 核心知识

Researchers from numerous scientific disciplines have made great strides in attempting to explain the origin of agriculture. However, exactly when, how, and why this happened at all is still very much a scientific mystery.

While ancient plant remains have been extensively studied in the Near East, such is not the case in the “New World.” Plant domestication research in Mexico and South America involves about a half dozen cave sites.

Classification, Morphology, and Genetic Testing

When determining whether a plant should be classified as domestic, scientists look for large and fast-sprouting seeds, glume (grain hull) adherence, and strong rachises (the part of the grain that attaches the seed to the stalk). These traits are considered markers of domestication because, since they are naturally selected against in wild species, they could evolve only under cultivation.

A well-known example of sibling-species relations is that of wild and domestic emmer wheat. Triticum araraticumm, one species of wild wheat, is morphologically indistinguishable from domestic emmer wheat. However, all attempts to cross breed the two have failed, thus proving that the former was not in fact the progenitor of the latter. Furthermore, a true ancestor, morphologically different from emmer wheat yet with identical chromosomes, was found and successfully interbred, thus linking it credibly to emmer as a potential wild progenitor.

888ufo

5. Greenhouse Myths

"Ice caps melting" -- A common myth is that sea level rises will be caused by
melting polar icecaps.

The sea level rises predicted for the next 40 years will be caused by ocean water
expanding as it warms and by some melting of non-polar ice.

"Is it hotter now?" -- Another myth is that global warming predictions are based
on extrapolations past temperature rises.

The forcast of future change do not depend on evidence from observations, but have
been made on the basis of a primary understanding of the climate system and through
the use of climate models.

"Heat Islands" -- There have been claims that the measurements of global
temperatures have been distorted by the "Urban Effect", with local temperature
rises caused by urban development.

In practice, climatologists have carefully corrected the data to account for spurious
effects, like the urban heat island effect. Furthermore, other records, such as
middle tropospheric measurements, observations of maritime temperatures and a
world-wide retreat of mountain glaciers.

"Waiting for the next ice age to solve the greenhouse effect"

Typically, a order of 4 degrees centigrade change occurred over a period of about
1000 years during the ice age. The rate of temperature change resulting from the
enhanced greenhouse effect is anticipated to be about 0.3 degrees centigate per
decade. "Those who are 'Waiting for the next ice age to solve the greenhouse effect',
will have to wait a very long time!"

"Missing sink" -- Of the estimated seven billion tons of carbon from
human-generated carbon dioxide going into the atmosphere each year, about three
billion tons stay there. We know the oceans take up about two billion tons. Where
is the remainder going?

The remainder must also be going into the ocean or be taken up by living plants.

减少温室效应的方法：

Vegetation

Vegetation changes caused by a climate change would affect the hydrologic cycle and suface albedo. The biggest adverse impact of a CO2-induced climate change would be caused by changing precipitation patterns that would lead to overall lower rainfall amounts, or droughts during the growing season with increased frequency or severity. The biomass productivity is linearly related to the amount of water transpired over the course of a growing season. The high correlation has been found between the NDVI, a index of biomass productivity, and the precipitation during the growth season. Furthermore, high temperture appears to be detrimental to seed growth because it shortens the time period for this stage of growth in many plants. However, the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration should cause increase in photosynthesis, growth and productivity of the earth's vegetation. Thus, the direct effects of rising CO2 and expected climate change should have a less adverse impact on vegetation than climate change alone.

Ocean

The world's oceans have complicated reactions or feedbacks on the enhanced greenhouse effect. On one hand, they can provide sources for the increased water vapor as the earth becomes warming. On the other hand, the thermal holding capacity of the oceans would delay and effectively reduce the observed global warming. In addition, oceans play an important role in the global greenhouse gas budgets. For example, according to some estimates, the recent anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be responsible for a large part of the recent global warming. The ocean bitoa, primarily phytoplankton, are believed to remove at least half of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. Hence, the ocean sink of carbon dioxide is called the "biological CO2 pump". However, further knowledge about the flux of carbon between ocean and atmosphere is needed to accurately predict the consequences of the build-up of carbon dioxide.

Clouds & Water Vapour

Clouds are simultaneously strong downward infrared radiators and shortwave solar radiation reflectors. However, how clouds are likely to change with increased greenhouse warming is essentially unknown. Global warming will lead to an increase in the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and because water vapour is a powerful greenhouse gas, this will lead to an increase in the warming. However, some scientists propose that tropical storm clouds would reach higher in the atmosphere under warmer conditions. Then the clouds would produce more rain thus adding less water vapour to the middle troposphere. The resulting drier middle troposhere will produce a negitive feedback to the global warming.

Sea Ice

Generally, increased temperture would tend to melt ice and result in increased absorption of solar energy by the ocean, a positive feedback. However, a decrease in sea ice would also lead to larger heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere, a negative feedback. Thus, the interaction amoung the atmosphere, the ocean, sea ice, and the sensitivity of sea ice to climate change need to be observed and quantified.

Angie1222

想问下，这个听力的长段子一段到底有多长啊？？

888ufo

每段只有一两句关键． 其余是背景知识。譬如

Ocean

The world's oceans have complicated reactions or feedbacks on the enhanced greenhouse effect. On one hand, they can provide sources for the increased water vapor as the earth becomes warming. On the other hand, the thermal holding capacity of the oceans would delay and effectively reduce the observed global warming. In addition, oceans play an important role in the global greenhouse gas budgets. For example, according to some estimates, the recent anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be responsible for a large part of the recent global warming. The ocean bitoa, primarily phytoplankton, are believed to remove at least half of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. 考点Hence, the ocean sink of carbon dioxide is called the "biological CO2 pump". However, further knowledge about the flux of carbon between ocean and atmosphere is needed to accurately predict the consequences of the build-up of carbon dioxide.

888ufo

Plant Growth And Tropisms

Since Darwinian times, scientists have tried to get a handle on how plants are able to direct roots to always grow downward in search of the earth, and shoots to grow upwards in search of the sun. So great is the plant's directive that if a root is reoriented to lie horizontal to the surface of the earth, or in other words, turned 90 degrees with respect to gravity, it responds by altering its direction of growth, curving downward again until it finds its way into the earth.

Scientists have known that during root growth, the redistribution of a plant hormone called indole acetic acid (IAA) to the root tip is responsible for gravitropism. When the root tip is cut off, the plant no longer is able to grow downward. When roots are oriented horizontally, IAA accumulates along the lower side of the elongating zone. Cells on the top part of the root elongate, causing the downward curving of the root.

julietayue

great work

a bunch of thanks

springqi

thanks

melodybb1224

继续顶