[原创]不再潜水，重创听力长段子

888ufo

1. 关于听力中古希腊戏剧(Odyssey&Iliad)的要点总结

                  The Iliad is the story of a brief event in the ninth year of the war
      (which the Greeks claim lasted ten years); the great hero Achilles is
      offended when the leader of the Greeks, Agamemnon, takes a slave girl
      Achilles has been awarded. Achilles withdraws from the battle and prays to
      his mother, Thetis, a goddess, to turn the tide of battle against the
      Greeks. The gods grant Achilles his prayer, and he does not return to
      battle until his best friend is killed by the great Trojan hero, Hector.
      Achilles throws himself into the battle, fights Hector, and kills him; in
      a final gesture of contempt, he drags Hector's lifeless body around the
      walls of Troy. If there is a "theme" to the epic (and one should resist
      simplifying large and complex literature), it is "Achilles choice."
      Achilles has been offered a choice: either he can be a great and famous
      hero in war and die young (Achilles does die in Troy when a poison arrow
      strikes him in the ankle), or the can live a long, happy life without any
      lasting fame whatsoever. Although Achilles initially chooses not to die
      young, the death of his friend forces him to make the choice that will
      make him famous for all time, but tragically dead at a young age.

         The Odyssey is the story of the homecoming of another of the great
      Greek heroes at Troy, Odysseus. Unlike Achilles, Odysseus is not famous
      for his great strength or bravery, but for his ability to deceive and
      trick (it is Odysseus's idea to take Troy by offering the citizens a large
      wooden horse filled, unbeknownst to the Trojans, with Greek soldiers). He
      is the anthropos polytropos , the "man of many ways," or the "man of many
      tricks." His homecoming has been delayed for ten years because of the
      anger of the gods; finally, in the tenth year, he is allowed to go home.
      He hasn't been misspending his time, though; for most of the ten years he
      has been living on an island with the goddess Kalypso, who is madly in
      love with him. Odysseus, like Achilles, is offered a choice: he may either
      live on the island with Kalypso and be immortal like the gods, or he may
      return to his wife and his country and be mortal like the rest of us. He
      chooses to return, and much of the rest of the work is a long exposition
      on what it means to be "mortal." If the Odyssey has a discernible theme,
      it is the nature of mortal life, why any human being would, if offered the
      chance to be a god, still choose to be mortal. This choice becomes
      particularly problematic when Odysseus, in Book XI, meets the ghost of
      Achilles in the Underworld; Odysseus remarks to Achilles how all the
      shades of the dead must worship and serve Achilles, but Achilles replies
      that he would rather be the meanest and most obscure slave of the poorest
      landholder than be the most famous of the dead. If being dead is so awful,
      what is it about being human that makes up for the infinite suffering that
      attends our deaths? As part of this question concerning the nature of
      human life, much of the book deals with the nature of human civilization
      and human savagery. The question also deepens in the latter half of the
      poem; while the first half of the epic deals with the question of the
      value of a mortal life, the last half of the epic introduces the question
      of the value of an anonymous human life. What value can be attached to a
      life that will be forgotten at its conclusion?

         The Greeks in general regard Homer's two epics as the highest cultural
      achievement of their people, the defining moment in Greek culture which
      set the basic Greek character in stone. Throughout antiquity, both in
      Greece and Rome, everything tended to be compared to these two works;
      events in history made sense when put in the light of the events narrated
      in these two works. As a result, then, these two epics are the focal point
      of Greek values and the Greek world view despite all its evolution and
      permutations through the centuries following their composition.

2. 针对听力中American native Indian 的总结

北美有大小印第安部落几十个，其中TOEFL听力考的3个：Hopi, Zuni(有人听成zuli,不对),and Navajo的艺术品下面是总结：

Hopi

Cream, buff, orange or red pottery; Kachinas.

The Hopi are equally renowned for their sturdy golden pottery and their intricate Kachina carvings. 有考点Their painted pottery designs derive from ancient shards and pottery excavated at the ruined village of Sikyatki and interpreted by Nampeyo in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Her pottery was promoted by Thomas Keam and his trading post, and created a revival among Hopi potters. Cream, buff, yellow, orange and even white pottery is made at Hopi, depending on the iron content of the clay and the heat of the fire. All can have beautiful blush areas and fire clouds from traditional firing. Hopi Kachina carvings are the gold standard for the genre and are the most sought after of all contemporary Kachina carvings. ][attachimg]38937[/attachimg]图为 Hopi 族 的艺术品

Zuni

Stone fetish carvings and pottery.   有考点

Zuni is the most isolated of all the Pueblos, and seems to have been throughout history as the Zuni language bears no resemblance to any other known language on Earth. The Zuni are true artists at heart, and make elaborately decorated fine pottery, although they are more famous today for their wide variety of fetish carvings. These have been used for centuries by the Zuni, Navajo and other Native Americans as talismans for protection, healing and prosperity. Today these carvings are widely collected as art works all over the world.   [attachimg]38934[/attachimg]图为 Zuni 族 的艺术品fetish carving。

Dine 又称(Navajo)

Largest in land area of all North American tribes.

The Navajo, or Dine as they call themselves, are most famous for their amazing rugs and blankets, 有考点woven on an upright loom without written patterns or instructions. But they also weave beautiful baskets, make traditional pitch-covered pottery and are exceptional silversmiths. Some carve small animals in the style of Zuni fetishes and others carve wooden folk art figures. Still others create paintings using oils and canvas traditionally considered "Anglo" materials. Creativity among the Navajo is as wide as their reservation.    [attachimg]38933[/attachimg]图为 Navajo 族 的艺术品。 考点总结：Hopi=pottery   Navajo=rugs and blankets Zuni=fetish carving Fetish carving 特点： Powwow The word "powwow," which we associate with the powwow celebrations, or with powwow dances, actually began as a name. The term came from the Algonkian-speaking Narragansett Indians of the Northeastern part of the country we call today the United States. The word referred, not to a dance or celebration, but refered to a shaman or teacher, a dream or vision, or a council or gathering. When the English met with Indian leaders they would "powwow together," or in Indian society one might visit a "powwow" bec ause of his or her healing powers.  "Grass Dancer",

What's TOEFL?

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-6-2 9:49:35编辑过]

zzy_Hazel

thx for sharing !

melodybb1224

谢谢啦，好冬冬。

happytoni

谢谢分享

Veronica_Melody

thanks for sharing

重剑无锋

感谢分享。

888ufo

托福终结者。好东西大家顶阿

888ufo

关于其他印第安人的艺术品

Beadwork 念珠制品    Traditionally made; authentic, historic patterns.    Before the arrival of the white man in North America, many native peoples embroidered dyed porcupine quills onto moose, deer or buffalo hide to decorate their personal belongings. When the white man introduced trade beads into this long established art, an explosion in production and artistic expression occurred. Suddenly there was plenty of material in a rainbow of bright colors, ready for self-expression. As native peoples began to travel and participate in powwows, lavishly decorated items were made for prestige and for gifts as well as for personal use. These items reflected the traditional methods and designs of the tribes who made them, and are identified today by those same methods and designs. Blanket strips, moccasins, belts, shirts, leggings; pipe, tobacco, mirror and medicine bags are some of the myriad items embellished with traditional beadwork.

888ufo

Pottery Authentic hand-coiled, native-fired pottery.    The pottery of Native Americans has a long and colorful history that tells us about their ancestry, their movements, their culture and their art. Each Pueblo of the Southwest makes pottery in the traditional way taught by its ancestors from clay dug on its ancestral Pueblo land. That makes the pottery of each Pueblo unique. While Acoma's clay is white and fine, the clay of Santa Clara is full of impurities and difficult to form. Each Pueblo developed its traditions around the properties of its native clay as well as the designs found on historic pottery shards in the area and myths within the culture. And the art evolves and changes as the artists evolve and change. Pueblo pottery can be viewed as a ceramic anthropology text.

colleencanada

hao   shizai shi hao!