[求助]天山-3-6——请见几位牛牛的细致解答——强烈推荐阅读徘徊者细读！

soaring

In the fourteenth and fifteenth centu-

ries, many Western Pueblo settlements

in what is now the southwestern United

Line        States may have possessed distinctly

(5)          hierarchical organizational structures.

These communities’ agricultural

systems ―which were “intensive” in

the use of labor rather than “extensive”

in area ―may have given rise to polit-

(10)        ical leadership that managed both

labor and food resources. That for-

mal management of food resources

was needed is suggested by the

large size of storage spaces located

(15)        around some communal Great Kivas

(underground ceremonial chambers).

Though no direct evidence exists that

such spaces were used to store food,

Western Pueblo communities lacking

(20)        sufficient arable land to support their

populations could have preserved

the necessary extra food, including

imported foodstuffs, in such appar-

ently communal spaces.

(25)               Moreover, evidence of special-

ization in producing raw materials and

in manufacturing ceramics and textiles

indicates differentiation of labor within

and between communities. The orga-

(30)        nizational and managerial demands

of such specialization strengthen

the possibility that a decision making

elite existed, an elite whose control

over labor, the use of community sur-

(35)        pluses, and the acquisition of imported

goods would have led to a concen-

tration of economic resources in their

own hands. Evidence for differential

distribution of wealth is found in buri-

(40)        als of the period: some include large

quantities of pottery, jewelry, and other

artifacts, whereas others from the

same sites lack any such materials.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. outline the methods by which resources were managed within a particular group of communities
   
   


2. account for the distribution of wealth within a particular group of communities
   



3. provide support for a hypothesis concerning the social structure of a particular society
   



4. explain how political leadership changed in a particular historical situation
   



5. present new evidence that contradicts previous theories about a particular historical situation

说出来表打我

这个主题提我真的不会，没看明白这篇文章到底说什么。

理论上说，第一句话就是TS了，后面我怎么没看出是在说这个呢。。。

阅读太烂。。。。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-5-11 21:33:49编辑过]

skidals

是选C吗？

These communities’ agricultural

systems ―which were “intensive” in

the use of labor rather than “extensive”

in area ―may have given rise to polit-

(10)        ical leadership that managed both

labor and food resources.

主题句

skidals

以下是引用soaring在2005-5-10 20:42:00的发言：

In the fourteenth and fifteenth centu-

ries, many Western Pueblo settlements

in what is now the southwestern United

Line        States may have possessed distinctly

(5)          hierarchical organizational structures.提出一个现象

These communities’ agricultural

systems ―which were “intensive” in

the use of labor rather than “extensive”

in area ―may have given rise to polit-

(10)        ical leadership that managed both 主题句 就是作者a hypothesis concerning  the social structure of a particular society

labor and food resources. That for-

mal management of food resources

was needed is suggested by the

large size of storage spaces located

(15)        around some communal Great Kivas

(underground ceremonial chambers).

Though no direct evidence exists that

such spaces were used to store food,

Western Pueblo communities lacking

(20)        sufficient arable land to support their

populations could have preserved

the necessary extra food, including

imported foodstuffs, in such appar-

ently communal spaces.

(25)               Moreover, evidence of special-

ization in producing raw materials and

in manufacturing ceramics and textiles

indicates differentiation of labor within

and between communities. The orga-

(30)        nizational and managerial demands

of such specialization strengthen

the possibility that a decision making

elite existed, an elite whose control

over labor, the use of community sur-

(35)        pluses, and the acquisition of imported

goods would have led to a concen-

tration of economic resources in their

own hands. Evidence for differential

distribution of wealth is found in buri-

(40)        als of the period: some include large

quantities of pottery, jewelry, and other

artifacts, whereas others from the

same sites lack any such materials.

红色字体都表明了作者的态度是支持对the hierarchical organizational structures所作出的假设。

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. outline the methods by which resources were managed within a particular group of communities
   
   


2. account for the distribution of wealth within a particular group of communities
   



3. provide support for a hypothesis concerning the social structure of a particular society
   



4. explain how political leadership changed in a particular historical situation
   



5. present new evidence that contradicts previous theories about a particular historical situation

soaring

谢谢skidals 大好JJ

偶明白啦

而今迈步从头越

P1:

S1: In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, many Western Pueblo settlements in what is now the southwestern United States may have possessed distinctly (5) hierarchical organizational structures.十四世纪和十五世纪，很多西方印第安殖民地，也就是现在的美国西南部可能存在着明显的等级组织结构。

S2: These communities’ agricultural systems ―which were “intensive” in the use of labor rather than “extensive”in area ―may have given rise to polit(10ical leadership that managed both labor and food resources.

这些部落的农业系统—这种农业系统对劳动力的使用是密集型的而不是广泛型的—可能导致同时对劳动力资源和食物资源的政治领导。

S3: That formal management of food resources was needed is suggested by the large size of storage spaces located (15) around some communal Great Kivas (underground ceremonial chambers).对食物资源正式管理是有必要的，这一点由一些大地穴（在举行庆祝仪式的房间地下）周围的大面积的存储空间可见一斑。

S4: Though no direct evidence exists that such spaces were used to store food, Western Pueblo communities lacking (20) sufficient arable land to support their populations could have preserved the necessary extra food, including imported foodstuffs, in such apparently communal spaces.

尽管没有直接的证据表明这些空间适用于存储食物的，但是西方印第安部落缺少足够的耕地来维持人口的所需食物，他们需要在这种明显的公共空间来保存必需的额外的食物，包括进口的食物。

分析第一段各句之间的逻辑关系：首句S1提出可能存在的一种社会现象—明显的等级制度。S2细化第一句的内容—什末样的structure—农业系统导致对劳动力资源和食物资源的政治领导。S3&S4描述S2提出的存在食物资源管理的证据。

P2:

S5: (25)Moreover, evidence of specialization in producing raw materials and in manufacturing ceramics and textiles indicates differentiation of labor within and between communities. 而且，生产原材料的专门化和生产陶制品和纺织品专门化的证据表明这些部落内部和部落之间的劳动力的不同分工。

S6: The orga-(30) nizational and managerial demands of such specialization strengthen the possibility that a decision making elite existed, an elite whose control over labor, the use of community sur-(35)pluses, and the acquisition of imported goods would have led to a concentration of economic resources in their own hands. 这些专门化的组织和管理的需要加强了这种可能性，即存在着精英决策阶层，这些精英决策阶层对劳动力资源的控制，对公共盈余的利用和对进口货物的获取导致经济资源集中到他们的手上。

S7: Evidence for differential distribution of wealth is found in buri-(40)als of the period: some include large quantities of pottery, jewelry, and other artifacts, whereas others from the same sites lack any such materials.

财富分配不均的证据在那个时期的墓穴中可以找到：有些墓穴有大量的陶器，珠宝和其他艺术品，然而相同地点的其他墓穴却缺少这样的陪葬品。

S5&S6描述前面S2劳动力分工管理存在的证据，和S3&S4并列；提出这种存在导致了一种现象--经济资源的集中。S7证明S6提出的观点。

尤其可见，所有的描述/论证都是围绕着如何证明某一时期某一部落存在着某种社会现象（结构）。

我是为了便于你理解，所以都翻译成了中文，考试的时候这个工作是和阅读同步的，当然没有必要单独做（呵呵，也没有时间啊！）同时我也简单的列举了各句之间的逻辑关系，希望你在阅读的时候也能有类似的习惯，实现active reading。当然并不是所有的文章都需要这末做，但是正如庖丁解牛一样，你需要通过这样的练习来强化对局部的分解和形成良好的阅读习惯，操练多了以后，这些工作就成为你习惯/意识的一部分，而不需要进行这样的操作。而且也能很快的实现对全局（整篇文章）的快速分解和整合。OG对主体题型的描述可谓是这个的升级版。久而久之，你看到将是脉络分明的全牛，而不是牛腿或其他，也不需要卸下某一部分单独分解，而能够实现整牛的完全分解。

这种做法对于主体题型正确率的提高很多帮助，同时因为了解全文的脉络，这也能帮助快速准确地定位其他题目。

当然进行这种工作，需要花一些时间（其实也不多，集中2，3天的时间），但是效果还是蛮显著的（当然这只在我身上验证过，不知道其他都是如何做的）。但是基于时间紧张，死马当作活马医，试一试吧！（不要打我，说我不负责任啊！）建议选8篇左右不同类型的OG文章，集中2至3天的时间仔细的进行这种分解和合并的工作，结合看OG的解释。

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. outline the methods by which resources were managed within a particular group of communities
   



2. account for the distribution of wealth within a particular group of communities
   



3. provide support for a hypothesis concerning the social structure of a particular society
   



4. explain how political leadership changed in a particular historical situation
   



5. present new evidence that contradicts previous theories about a particular historical situation
   

接下来我们看选项，如果对文章有很好地了解，当然很容易就选了。

但是如果对文章一筹莫展的话，可进行如下的工作。

1、首先分析各个选项的结构，这5个选项结构都差不多，我们看他们的动宾结构，同时看定状补。

A. outline the methods by which resources were managed within a particular group of communities

文章提及resources were managed within a particular group of communities，但是没有提及对方法的描述，更没有提及很多方法（注意选项中的单复数）

B. account for the distribution of wealth within a particular group of communities

文章倒是提及了distribution of wealth within a particular group of communities，但是只在文章最后一句S7提及到，当然不是文章focus.

C. provide support for a hypothesis concerning the social structure of a particular society

D. explain how political leadership changed in a particular historical situation

文章没有一句描述leadership如何改变—错

E. present new evidence that contradicts previous theories about a particular historical situation

有很多evidence，但是通篇都没有提及new/old evidence. 看到这里这个选项就Out了!

因为hypothesis这个词在这里过于抽象，不象有些文章开篇就说：某某人有某某theory/hypothesis。所以也要通过平时的练习加强对很多抽象词汇的深刻理解和相应的抽象词的文章套路描述。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-5-10 23:37:42编辑过]

蓝夕叶子

而今JJ说的太好了!!~

skidals

wangyu73cn

而今写得真清楚啊，以至于简单看看你的解释，就非常明白文章了。

soaring

Thank you so MUCH, JJ!!!!!

I do appreciate your help~~!!!!!!!

IceOnMe

看了好多遍的文章,居然忘了顶~~~-.-