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Richard 770 逻辑答题讨论

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21#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-8-28 11:02:07 | 显示全部楼层
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-8-28 10:24
"In recent years, a village outside Osaka, Japan has taken to hosting a ninja festival, a celebratio ...

我会选B

论点论据,注意for

clearly only children take this festival seriously, for they are the only attendees who bother to dress up as ninjas.

这个要读出必要关系。
只有children do 1(take this festival seriously),因为只有children do 2(dress up as ninjas)

言下之意,
所有do 1(take this festival seriously)的人,必须要do 2(dress up as ninjas)
同样
只有do 2(dress up as ninjas)的人,才算do 1(take this festival seriously)的人

2 是 1 的必要条件。

A 2是1 的充分条件,没有这个假设
B 没有一个do 1(take this festival seriously)的人,会不do 2(dress up as ninjas)

所有do 1(take this festival seriously)的人,必须要do 2(dress up as ninjas)
是同一个意思

C 不do 2的人,脱离这个必要关系,无关
D 无关
E that attendee will not be taken seriously by other attendees. 和do 1(take this festival seriously)无关
22#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-8-29 08:58:56 | 显示全部楼层
But clearly only children take this festival seriously, for they are the only attendees who bother to dress up as ninjas.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A, Any attendee who dresses up as a ninja takes the festival seriously.
B, No attendee who takes the festival seriously would fail to dress up as a ninja.
C, Anyone who is not dressed up as a ninja is not attending the festival

没明白你们问题在哪。

只有children 1(take this festival seriously),因为只有children 2(dress up as ninjas)
这个必要关系要先确定。
举个例子,我们那时大学毕业要过英文四级才能拿毕业证。所以过英文四级, 是拿毕业证的必要条件。这个可以几种表达:
只有这些人可以拿毕业证,因为只有他们过了英文四级。

只有过了英文四级,才能拿毕业证

所有毕业证的人,一定英文过了四级

没有一个拿毕业证的人,英文没过四级 (这个就和答案B是一样的说法)

1 是2的充分条件 == 1-》2 但不保证 2-》1
2是1的必要条件==1-》2 但不保证 2-》1

C是无关, not attending the festival和take this festival seriously 逻辑范畴不一样,题中没说。

所谓逻辑漏洞,如果增强或减弱,就是补充或找出漏洞。
如果题目让我们从已给条件推导,我们的思维就不能跳跃,一定是像三段论那样推导,例如1 是2的充分条件 , 拿我们可以从1 推到2.

这个题目说法的假设就是 2是1的必要条件。

也不知道说清楚了没有,try 了



23#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-8-30 10:37:58 | 显示全部楼层
取反思路是对的,可以帮助理解。
看下这个图,表达这个题的必要关系。里面小框是外面大框的充分条件,外面大框是里面小框的必要条件。
为什么说"Dress up"是“take seriously"的必要条件呢?
题目说:只有孩子“take seriously", 因为他们"Dress up".
第一个"只有"表达了必要的关系,后面给出的原因是必须要满足的。否则就没有前面的”只有“了。
如果取反理解,就是说: 如果人不"Dress up",就不“take seriously"。用图来理解,在外面大框外面,自然不可能在小框里。所以大框是小框的必要条件。
但是大框不是小框的充分条件,因为还是可以有"Dress up"的人,并不“take seriously"。
尽管这个题目说事实上只有孩子"Dress up",没有提到其它"Dress up"的人, 所以题目中没说这些人会不会“take seriously",但逻辑上没有表达这个充分关系,也不需要这个充分关系。答案问的是作者这么推论,逻辑上需要什么假设?必要关系就是这个假设了。

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24#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-8-31 23:23:44 | 显示全部楼层
半夏冬忍 发表于 2017-8-31 11:21
你好楼主~
想请教您一道题
The gill lining of lobsters in which the disease-causing parasite An. haemo ...

答案是D?

个人意见:
此题应该是难题。目标可以是不看答案2-3分钟做出来。题目比较难读懂,但读懂之后,答案选项中还是比较好排出。

我也是题目读了几遍才读清楚里面的逻辑链。读题是看这些关键信息:
gill is regenerated every 30 days
parasite A discolors the gill
parasite A can't transfer directly from infected gill to newly generated gill
30 days after in parasite-free water.

把这些关键信息在脑海里一块分析,可以理解作者的论点,论据
论点:
30 days after in parasite-free water, the discoloration on the gills is not due to parasite A.
龙虾放在无虫水域中30天后,gills上产生的褪色不是虫造成的

论据/逻辑链:
gill 每30天重生-> 30天后的gill是新产生出来的
parasite A can't transfer directly from infected gill to newly generated gill -> 虫不能直接从已感染gill爬到新产生出来的gill
两个条件结合->在无虫水中,原来可以有虫在gill上,但gill30天后会新长出(原来有虫的gill不管,可能会死掉),而虫又不能直接爬到新gill上,所以新gill上应该没虫->褪色不是虫的原因

找茬:
读出逻辑链后,琢磨一下,好像漏洞不明显,看答案

D 针对的是假设中的直接parasite A can't transfer directly from infected gill to newly generated gill
D说:虫可以从gill爬到胃里,然后再爬回gill里。那这样就可以从病gill爬到胃里,新gill产生后,在从胃里爬到新gill.
没有反对作者假设(不能直接从病gill爬到新gill),但指出一种可能性让作者的假设无法推到结论.
其它答案无关特性明显,和之前帖子分析类似,从逻辑链中事物之一往别的方向衍生,而和逻辑链思路无关。

总结:
这种难读懂的题应该会多花时间,所以把简单题做快做准,多点时间给这种题。
如果想做出来,肯定要读懂作者的论点和论据(逻辑链,为什么论据可以推到论点)。读题时要有敏感,什么是相关信息,什么不是可以忽略,第一遍不一定看出来,可以逐步筛选。把逻辑相关信息看明白了结合想其中逻辑。
25#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-9-2 00:16:10 | 显示全部楼层
这题,再写一下如果没读懂怎么排除:
The gill lining of lobsters in which the disease-causing parasite An. haemophila resides is completely regenerated every 30 days. The An. haemophila parasite typically produces moderate discoloration of the gills of infected lobsters, and can occasionally lead to more chronic symptoms. However, because these parasites cannot transfer directly from infected gill lining to newly generated gill lining in their host lobster, any discoloration appearing on the gills of lobsters more than 30 days after they have been moved to parasite-free water is not due to infection by An. haemophila.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

(A) Other parasites are found more frequently in lobsters than An. haemophila.
(B) Lobsters that remain in parasite-rich waters can be re-infected by new An. haemophila parasites once newly generated gill lining has been produced.
(C) An. haemophila can also cause digestive and respiratory distress in infected lobsters.
(D) In some cases An. haemophila migrates from the gill lining to the stomach, where it can then re-infect its original host.
(E) Once infected by a particular parasite, lobsters frequently develop a strong immunity to that parasite allowing them to better resist re-infection.

1. 至少看到结论部分, 注意结论型关键词because
However, because these parasites cannot transfer directly from infected gill lining to newly generated gill lining in their host lobster, any discoloration appearing on the gills of lobsters more than 30 days after they have been moved to parasite-free water is not due to infection by An. haemophila.

2. 看出结论中谈论事物:
discoloration... parasite-free water... not due to infection by An. haemophila.
答案要涉及这几个事物之间的关系

3. 筛选答案
A- Other parasites vs An. haemophila  无关
B- Lobsters ... in parasite-rich waters 无关  (结论说的是parasite-free water)
C- An. haemophila cause other problem in lobsters  无关 (结论说的是discoloration)
E- lobsters ... immunity ... better resist re-infection 和怎么导致discoloration无关
D- An. haemophila migrates from the gill lining to the stomach, where it can then re-infect its original host.
不能明显看出相关,但不像其它答案明显无关。至少这里谈虫A转移地方,和结论中作者用的证据相关。

所以没时间时就选D了。这里也可以看出,题目本身难,出题人在选项上可能会配以容易排出的答案。如果读不出整个逻辑链,没时间了,也可以试着排除。


26#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-9-2 22:29:01 | 显示全部楼层
Sueyu 发表于 2017-9-2 10:03
谢谢~ 有个逻辑题想要请教一下,谢谢~
First-time computer buyers buying PXC home computers typically b ...

此题没给论点,陈述一些事实。但其中有逻辑关系
First-time computer buyers - smaller profit margin per computer
People replacing their computers - higher profit margin per computer
Last year profits from computer sales were substantially higher 尽管其它都没变 the same number of PXC computers were sold,the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged。卖的数量不变。每台卖的电脑价格利润没变。

问必然推导出什么?
顺着这些逻辑关系,必然推导出去年买主中有更多的People replacing their computers。如果这个也没变,不好解释为什么利润增加。
就是D The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the previous year. 换了一个说法 - 去年买主中有更少的 first-time computer buyers.

看下C的问题
Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than the previous year.

1. 逻辑推理中我们不能跳跃。没有条件让我们去判断在People replacing their computers这个范围内是什么情况,所以任何关于这个范围内的猜测都是无法从题干中得到的。2. C的逻辑也不对。在People replacing their computers中,这些人原本是用PXC还是竞争对手,都没有关系,她们带给PXC的利润都是一样的。题干中并没有说原本用PXC的买电脑有优惠。

简单说下别的答案问题:
A 前提已说the same number of PXC computers were sold, 和销量无关
B 无关,考核的是profits from computer sales were substantially higher,其它销售无关
E 前提已说profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged, 和成本无关


广告一下:Richard 770 语法解题方法答疑
https://forum.chasedream.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1304934&fromuid=1294035



27#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-9-3 23:46:49 | 显示全部楼层
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-3 12:59
来一题~
Capital punishment is a barbaric and outdated practice. If it were possible to ascertain gu ...

我选D

death penalty 跟capital punishment 是同一个意思 - capital 这里指的是人头  (经常看到大家说这个词那个用法没看懂。其实capital punishment这个说法我以前也没见过,但是从句中语义逻辑来猜,应该这两个是同一意思。可以按这个假设去解题,不应该被一个用法或词语挡住。capital我们常见资本,首都,都是重要的东西,那读过这句话,发现还有capital punishment这样说法,可以看这样语言符合逻辑,我们就学习了这个语言用法,而不是卡壳在这。)

Conclusion: 死刑不好。
Logic:
1.
a. 如果能完全确认,
b. 一些情况可以完全适用(warrant)死刑。

2) 但是,在现实中(as it is )死刑从来都不能被完全合理化(justified), 因为?

1中a->b是充分条件。要反驳,必须得反驳1a.  D就是指出现实不能完全确认,有错判的可能性。
如果辩论的话,应该看到D是针锋相对,而其它答案都没有。

28#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-9-4 12:06:54 | 显示全部楼层
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-4 10:35
嗨呀谢谢!恁是没有去搜那个词。原来如此。一来就傻傻以为是罚钱!
维基如下:Capital punishment, also  ...


但是重点是要能根据上下语义猜出它的意思,你懂的
29#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-9-6 10:40:52 | 显示全部楼层
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-5 13:51
Columnist: In these times of fiscal correctness, it is heresy to call for expansionary fiscal policy ...

我选C

heresy to call for expansionary fiscal policy
即使不知道heresy意思,看下句Yet...,可以猜测它有一定负面,保留

Yet sound economic principles call for such a prescription
sound这个词要会,是好的意思
然而,合乎逻辑的economic principles会建议这样做

even if it sounds like...
即使这样做听起来像..(后面是负面的信息)

这样看下来,作者是正面支持expansionary fiscal policy的。那看答案哪个会帮助支持这个expansionary fiscal policy
C 有这个意思。expansionary fiscal policy , leading to more expenditure, encourage the revival of a depressed economy
A - most governments have adopted a conservative attitude 无关expansionary fiscal policy
B- welcomed by companies 无关revive the economy
D- import, trade deficit 无关revive the economy, 而且方向相反
E- reaction in the market 无关revive the economy
30#
 楼主| 发表于 2017-9-6 10:49:58 | 显示全部楼层
会长美美哒 发表于 2017-9-5 15:26
这道题,楼主看选啥?看了答案 不服~!

答案E?

答案必须要解释为什么main networks广告收入下降,而对比local channels财政没受影响.

A - 只谈了main networks. 没有解释这个对比。而且降低单价,并不一定降低总体收入。
B, D - 也包括A。如果local channels收入来源相同,可以影响main networks的任何因素,都可以影响local channels. 至少答案中没有给出任何解释为什么它们没有影响到local channels,所以无法解释题干矛盾。
C- local channels今年和去年, 无关
E- 则指出一个显著区别- local channels 不是靠广告赚钱,所以main networks广告收入下降,而对比local channels财政没受影响.
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