【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-20】

fox0923

最近实在是太忙了，不好意思，给发晚了点~~
[bible]


1. Provinces and states with stringent car safety
requirements, including required use of seat belts and
annual safety inspections, have on average higher
rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do
provinces and states with less stringent requirements.
Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that
more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to
reconcile the safety experts’ belief with the
apparently contrary evidence described above?
(A) Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires
are replaced before they grow old.
(B) Drivers often become overconfident after their
cars have passed a thorough safety
inspection.
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent
car safety programs are far more congested
and therefore dangerous than in other
provinces and states.
(D) Psychological studies show that drivers who
regularly wear seat belts often come to think
of themselves as serious drivers, which for a
few people discourages reckless driving.
(E) Provinces and states with stringent car safety
requirements have, on average, many more
kilometers of roads then do other provinces
and states.




[prep CR]
89.    (31236-!-item-!-188;#058&005728)


Goronian lawmaker:  Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects.  Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?


90.    (29250-!-item-!-188;#058&004038)


In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do.  However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks.  Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they currently do.
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.


91.    (26045-!-item-!-188;#058&001846)


Journalist:  Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office.  Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron.  There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron's running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself.  This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.
In the journalist's argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.
B. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states an intermediate conclusion that is used to support a further conclusion.
C. The first describes a practice that the journalist seeks to defend; the second cites a likely consequence of this practice.
D. The first states evidence bearing against the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that conclusion.
E. Each provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument.




92.    (24787-!-item-!-188;#058&001210)    (GWD-3-Q38)


Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler's decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott's hypothesis into question?
A. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.
B. The spruce budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.
C. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.
D. Many Tennessee warblers have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
E. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.

fox0923

[bible CR]The paradox in the argument is that the provinces and states that have more
stringent safety requirements also have higher average rates of accidents. Even
so, experts agree that the more stringent requirements actually are effective. This
type of “surprisingly low/high rate of success” scenario has appeared in a
number of Resolve the Paradox questions, including the following:
An anti-theft device is known to reduce theft, but cars using the antitheft
device are stolen at a higher rate than cars without the device.
Explanation: The device is placed on highly desirable cars that
are prone to being stolen, and the device actually
lessens the rate at which they are stolen.
A surgeon has a low success rate while operating, but the director of the
hospital claims the surgeon is the best on the staff.
Explanation: The surgeon operates on the most complex and
challenging cases.
A bill collector has the lowest rate of success in collecting bills, but his
manager claims he is the best in the field.
Explanation: The bill collector is assigned the toughest cases to
handle.
These scenarios underscore the issue present in the question: other factors in the
situation make it more difficult to be successful. With the car safety
requirements, you should look for an answer that shows that there is a situation
with the roads that affects the accident rates. A second possible explanation is
that the seat belts are not actually used by a majority of drivers and the safety
inspections are not made or are rubber-stamp certifications. This answer is less
likely to appear because it is fairly obvious.
Answer choice (A): The stimulus specifies that annual safety inspections—
regardless of what is examined—are already in place. Therefore, this answer
does not explain why the average rate of accidents is higher in those states.
Answer choice (B): Assuming that overconfidence leads to accidents, the
answer could support the assertion that states with more stringent requirements
have higher accident rates. But, this answer would also suggest that the experts
are wrong in saying that more stringent standards reduce accident rates, so this
answer cannot be correct.
Answer choice (C): This is the correct answer, and the answer conforms to the
discussion above. If the roads are generally more dangerous, then the stringent
requirements could reduce the accident rate while at the same time the accident
rate could remain relatively high. Since this scenario allows all sides of the

situation to be correct and it explains how the situation could occur, this is the
correct answer.
Answer choice (D): This answer supports only one side of the paradox. The
answer confirms that the experts are correct, but it does not explain why these
provinces have higher accident rates. Thus, as explained in the second sidebar
on page 293, it does not resolve the paradox.
Answer choice (E): This answer appears attractive at first, but the number of
miles of roadway in the provinces is irrelevant because the stimulus specifically
references “accidents per kilometer driven.” Since the accident rate is calculated
as per-miles-driven, the actual number of miles of roadway is irrelevant.





[prep CR key：CAAA]

蘑菇胖肉肉

糊糊 这个是不是要开始第三季了呀

xeyyxzty

Provinces and states with stringent car safety　requirements, including required use of seat belts and　annual safety inspections, have on average higher　rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do　provinces and states with less stringent requirements.　Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that　more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.　Which one of the following, if true, most helps to　reconcile the safety experts’ belief with the
apparently contrary evidence described above?ｈｉｇｈ　ａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔ　ｒａｔｅｓ－－＞ｓｔｒｉｎｇｅｎｔ　ｃａｒ　ｓａｆｅｔｙ　ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ
(A) Annual safety inspections ensure that car tires　are replaced before they grow old.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
(B) Drivers often become overconfident after their　cars have passed a thorough safety　inspection.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent　car safety programs are far more congested　and therefore dangerous than in other　provinces and states.－－ｒｉｇｈｔ
(D) Psychological studies show that drivers who　regularly wear seat belts often come to think　of themselves as serious drivers, which for a　few people discourages reckless driving.－－ｗｒｏｎｇ
(E) Provinces and states with stringent car safety　requirements have, on average, many more　kilometers of roads then do other provinces　and states.
－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
With the car safety　requirements, you should look for an answer that shows that there is a situation　with the roads that affects the accident rates. A second possible explanation is　that the seat belts are not actually used by a majority of drivers and the safety　inspections are not made or are rubber-stamp certifications. This answer is less　likely to appear because it is fairly obvious.
Goronian lawmaker:  Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects.  Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?
－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?－－ｒｉｇｈｔ
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ


In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than other vehicles do.  However, the very largest trucks—those with three trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer trucks.  Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
ｍａｙｂｅ　ｉｔ＇ｓ　ａｂｏｕｔ　ｄｒｉｖｅｒｓ，　ｎｏｔ　ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｓ．
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ－－ｒｉｇｈｔ
B. No matter what changes Partoria makes in the regulation of trucking, it will have to keep some smaller roads off-limits to all large trucks.
－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
C. Increased use of triple-trailer trucks would mean that large trucks would account for a smaller proportion of all miles driven on Partoria’s roads than they
currently do.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
D. In Partoria, the safety record of the trucking industry as a whole has improved slightly over the past ten years.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
E. The volume of truck traffic on Partoria’s highways could be reduced by encouraging shippers to use rail transport whenever possible.

－－ｒｉｇｈｔ


Journalist:  Every election year at this time the state government releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates must make in order to be eligible to run for office.  Among those making the required financial disclosure this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron.  There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron's running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself.  This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have always pointed to the necessity of making financial disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.
In the journalist's argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.－－ｒｉｇｈｔ
B. The first provides information without which the argument lacks force; the second states an intermediate conclusion that is used to support a further conclusion.
C. The first describes a practice that the journalist seeks to defend; the second cites a likely consequence of this practice.
D. The first states evidence bearing against the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that conclusion.
E. Each provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that supports a further conclusion stated in the argument.



Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler's favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler's decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott's hypothesis into question?
A. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.－－ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ　Ｋ－－ｒｉｇｈｔ
B. The spruce budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
C. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
D. Many Tennessee warblers have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ
E. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.
－－ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ

fox0923

糊糊 这个是不是要开始第三季了呀

-- by 会员 蘑菇胖肉肉 (2012/1/19 21:57:46)

是啊，第三季马上就要开始了~

myancamel

premise: 有严格要求的事故多
premise2：没有严格要求的事故少
conclusion：但仍需严格要求
assumption：

supporter：

defender：事故统计只是最严重事故
         A城市道路情况远差于B城市

evamimi

Provinces and states with stringent car safetyrequirements, including required use of seat belts andannual safety inspections, have on average higherrates of accidents per kilometer driven than doprovinces and states with less stringent requirements

C:most highway safety experts agree thatmore stringent requirements do reduce accident rates

Type: Solve the paradox

Prephase: More stringent requirements has higher accidents rate---??----More stringent requirements do reduce accident rates

Answer: C

leewonting

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-646904-1-2.html
182
背景：Provinces with stringent car safety requirements seem to have more accidents then provinces without such requirements.
条件：Some highway safety experts say that more requirements do reduce the accident rate in the highway.
结论：How to reconcile two evidences?
推测：People drive more freely when they wear seatbelt so they may not be so careful but situations differ from highway.
C, emphasizing the differences between road and highway?


183
背景：CIB is responsible for inspecting all importation of cheese and rejects 1% of it inspects.
条件：The health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that 1% is negligible but the agency’s cost outweighs the benefits.
结论：Close the agency?
推测：it depends.
C


184
背景：Truck currently has more accidents than other vehicles.
条件：3-trailers truck seems to have fewer accidents than 1 or 2-trailers truck.
结论：It’s required that the shippers to increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.
推测：triple-trailer truck has more disadvantages. Or the triple-trailer truck is used so little time.    
A


185
背景：The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover.
条件：The population of the spruce budworm has been dropping, affecting the warblers.
结论：The second one may be wrong.
推测：The dropping population might lead another warbler’s prey to increase?
A

jiajiajudy

1.Which one of the following, if true, most helps to reconcile the safety experts’ belief with the apparently contrary evidence described above?
(A) irrelevant
(B) irrelevant
(C) The roads in provinces and states with stringent car safety programs are far more congested and therefore dangerous than in other provinces and states.
(D) irrelevant
(E) irrelevant
2.Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. irrelevant
B. irrelevant
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?
D. irrelevant
E. irrelevant
3.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Partorian trucking companies currently use triple-trailer trucks only for long trips using major highways, which is the safest kind of trip for large trucks.
B. irrelevant
C. irrelevant
D. irrelevant
E. irrelevant

4. 没有boldface
5.Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott's hypothesis into question?
A. irrelevant
B. irrelevant
C. strengthen
D. Many Tennessee warblers have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
E. irrelevant

yangreat

精练

0:40

完整版
Factrovinces and states with stringent car safety
requirements, including required use of seat belts and
annual safety inspections, have on average higher
rates of accidents per kilometer driven than do
provinces and states with less stringent requirements.
Fact:Nevertheless, most highway safety experts agree that
more stringent requirements do reduce accident rates.

精简版：
The rates of accident per kilometer driven of thoes Provinces

and states with stringent car safety requirements are higher

than do those with less stringent requirements.

选C。答案里的三个scenarios太牛了。

89

0:32

完整版：
BGI:Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency

responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese

entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that

fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent

of the cheese that it inspects.
P:Since the health consequences and associated costs of not

rejecting that one percent would be negligible.
C:whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the

agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.

精简版：
There is no need to maintain the agency, since the agency's

cost outweighs the benefit it provides.

选C

0:36
完整版
BGI:In the nation of Partoria, large trucks currently have a

much higher rate of traffic accidents per mile driven than

other vehicles do.
P: However, the very largest trucks—those with three

trailers—had less than a third of the accident rate of

single- and double-trailer trucks.
C:Clearly, therefore, one way for Partoria to reduce the

number of traffic accidents would be to require shippers to

increase their use of triple-trailer trucks.

精简版：
The very largest trucks had less than a third of the accident

rate of the accident rate of single- and double-trailer

trucks.
The shippers would be to increase their use of triple-trailer

trucks.

选A

91

0:52
完整版：
BGI:Every election year at this time the state government

releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates

must make in order to be eligible to run for office.  
Fact: Among those making the required financial disclosure

this year is a prominent local businessman, Arnold Bergeron.  
Fact: There has often been talk in the past of Mr. Bergeron's

running for governor, not least from Mr. Bergeron himself.
C: This year it is likely he finally will, since those who

have discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have

always pointed to the necessity of making financial

disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

黑体字1：
Every election year at this time the state government

releases the financial disclosures that potential candidates

must make in order to be eligible to run for office.
黑体字2：
This year it is likely he finally will, since those who have

discounted the possibility of a Bergeron candidacy have

always pointed to the necessity of making financial

disclosure as the main obstacle to such a candidacy.

选A

这道题就是排除法。


92

0:36

选A 没有说虫子数量减少而是说咖啡树减少。