【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-4】

balapupu

新的一期新气象，很高兴看到许多新的战友，逻辑小分队欢迎你们的加入，大家加油哦~~我们一起努力！
【精练】
4. Speaker: Contemporary business firms need to
recognize that avoiding social responsibility
leads to the gradual erosion of power. This is
Davis and Blomstrom’s Iron Law of
Responsibility: “In the long run, those who do
not use power in a manner which society
considers responsible will tend to lose it.” The
law’s application to human institutions
certainly stands confirmed by history. Though
the “long run” may require decades or even
centuries in some instances, society ultimately
acts to reduce power when society thinks it is
not being used responsibly. Therefore, a
business that wishes to retain its power as long
as it can must act responsibly.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most
weakens the speaker’s argument?
(A) Government institutions are as subject to the
Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more
slowly than the power of others, whether they
are socially responsible or not.
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business
will eventually fail.
(E) Some businesses that have used power in
socially responsible ways have lost it.
---bible-weaken


【逻辑链}】
1.prep 07-13.    


Which of the following most logically completes the argument?


United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe.  However, European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market.  The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States.  If these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States, United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels, since __________.


(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over the last several years
(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric power is not improving as fast as it once did
(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States
(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within Europe
(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited


2.prep 07-14.    


The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second.  The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers.  Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.


Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends?


(A) Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
(B) The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.
(C) People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.
(D) Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.
(E) Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.


3.prep 07-15.    


Astronomer: Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  In hopes of gaining some indication of the fragments' size, astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter's outer atmosphere.  These analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur after the fragments' entry. The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but many astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter's outer atmosphere does contain sulfur. Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer, it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.


In the astronomer's argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?


(A) The first presents a circumstance for which the astronomer offers an explanation; the second is part of that explanation.
(B) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
(D) The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that conclusion.
(E) The first is a judgment advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.


4.prep 07-16.    (27621-!-item-!-188;#058&003223)


Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines.  It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market.  Therefore, until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.


Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating the argument?


(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted
(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
(C) Whether there are any technological advances that show promise of reducing the cost of extracting uranium from seawater
(D) Whether the total amount of uranium in seawater is significantly greater than the total amount of uranium on land
(E) Whether uranium can be extracted from freshwater at a cost similar to the cost of extracting it from seawater

balapupu

answer keys:
4.This problem is similar in form to the carpet market problem. The conclusion
appears at the end and is conditional in nature: “a business that wishes to retain
its power as long as it can must act responsibly.”
This relationship can be diagrammed as:
WRP = business wish(es) to retain power as long as possible
AR = act responsibly
WRP AR
Hopefully, you identified this conclusion as conditional when you read the
stimulus. As you read the question stem, you should have immediately
prephrased an answer that would allow the sufficient condition to occur without
the necessary condition, namely that a business that wishes to retain power does
not necessarily have to act responsibly. Let us examine the answer choices with
this idea in mind:
Answer choice (A): Because this answer addresses government institutions, this
cannot hurt the conclusion, which is about businesses. If anything, this may
slightly support the argument. In the middle of the stimulus, the Speaker
mentions that “The law’s application to human institutions certainly stands
confirmed by history.” This answer affirms that statement by adding
governments to the named list of human institutions.
Answer choice (B): This is the correct answer. If a public relations program can
cause society to think an institution is socially responsible even when it is not,
then an institution that wishes to retain power could act irresponsibly and then
get a public relations firm to cover up the activities. In this way, the institution
could wish to retain power but not act responsibly. Since this scenario allows
the sufficient condition to occur without the necessary, this weakens the
argument.
Answer choice (C): Many students hold this answer choice as a Contender. The
answer is incorrect because the stimulus contemplates varying rates of power
retention, especially between socially responsible and non-socially responsible
institutions. If you read this answer thinking that the stimulus indicated socially
responsible institutions do not lose power if socially responsible, then you made
a quasi-Mistaken Reversal of the stimulus. There is never a presumption in the
argument that power can be held indefinitely. If there were, this answer would
be much more attractive.
Answer choice (D): The conclusion is clear in saying, “a business that wishes to
retain power as long as it can...” The italicized phrase allows for the idea that
businesses will eventually lose power and ultimately fail. Thus, this answer
does not hurt the argument.
185 Chapter Seven: Weaken Questions
Answer choice (E): This is another attractive answer, and one that lured in
many test takers. The answer states that even though some businesses acted
responsibly (AR), they did not retain power (RP). If this difference between
retaining power and wishing to retain power (WRP) is ignored, then this answer
can be seen as attacking the Mistaken Reversal of the conclusion. As you
learned from the discussion of answer choice (C) of the carpet market question,
attacking the Mistaken Reversal of the conclusion does not hurt the conclusion.
However, this answer is attractive because not only does it address elements of
the conclusion, it also appears as the final answer choice. A test taker who did
not like any of the earlier answers would find this answer quite attractive.

逻辑链：13. C   14. E   15. E  16. A

xeyyxzty

1.background information:Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power. “In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.” The law’s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history.
premise: Though the “long run” may require decades or even centuries in some instances, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly.
conclusion: a business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.
the erosion of power & the lost of the power
(A) Government institutions are as subject to the Iron Law of Responsibility as business institutions.
--support
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to consider an institution socially responsible even when it is not.
--public relations programs--irrelevant--right
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more slowly than the power of others, whether they are socially responsible or not.
--some institutions--what institutions?--maybe it has effect on the conclusion, maybe not
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business will eventually fail.
--irrelevant
(E) Some businesses that have used power in socially responsible ways have lost it.
--weaken--right
又错了~~~思路完全错误
society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly

retain power & wish to retain power
2.background information:United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe. However, European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market.  The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States.
premise: If these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States, ???
conclusion:United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels,
there are more Americans than Europeans using solar-power generators~when less Europeans use the American made generators, more Americans do.
(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over the last several years
--the output in the past is irrelevant
(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric power is not improving as fast as it once did
--the efficiency of generators is irrelevant
(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States
--the market is big, and competitors are not as competitive as those in the US--right
(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within Europe
--the question is about the demand in the US, not about it in Europe--irrelevant
(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited

--the initiatives have already succeeded in increasing the demand--irrelevant
3.background information:The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second.  The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers.  
premise:??? + increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
conclusion:smokers improve their lung function
can the smokers absorb the vitamins and minerals as much as they eat~
(A) Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
--weaken
(B) The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.
--support
(C) People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.
--other health problems are irrelevant
(D) Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.
--stop smoking is irrelevant
(E) Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.
--right
4.background information:Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  In hopes of gaining some indication of the fragments' size, astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter's outer atmosphere.  These analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur after the fragments' entry. The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but many astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter's outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.
opposing viewpoints:Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994
premise: sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer
conclusion: some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.
(A) The first presents a circumstance for which the astronomer offers an explanation; the second is part of that explanation.
--the second is not part of the astronomer's explanation
(B) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
--right
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
--the second is not evidence.
(D) The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that conclusion.
--the first is not evidence, and it doesn't support the conclusion.
(E) The first is a judgment advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
--the first is truth, not a judgment--right
错了~~~
B--the first doesn't weigh against the conclusion~in fact, the sulfur has nothing to do with the conclusion
5.
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating the argument?

premise:Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines.  It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market.  
conclusion:Therefore, until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.
maybe some day the costs to extract uranium from mines increases~higher than those from seawater~
(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted
--if the uranium on land is being depleted, the cost is unnecessary--right
(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
--the fee for transportation is irrelevant
(C) Whether there are any technological advances that show promise of reducing the cost of extracting uranium from seawater
--irrelevant
(D) Whether the total amount of uranium in seawater is significantly greater than the total amount of uranium on land
--the amount of uranium is irrelevant--the question is about the cost
(E) Whether uranium can be extracted from freshwater at a cost similar to the cost of extracting it from seawater
--the freshwater is irrelevant

chensong211

精炼题：
premise: society ultimately acts to reduce power when it is not being used responsibly.
Conclusion: a business wishes to retain its power as long as it can act responsibly.
A.无关，这里讲institutions 而且没有谈到as long as 的问题。
B.无关，公共关系计划不是business
C.无关，这里没有提到关键词。Business
D. bingo 直接weaken结论。不是act responsibly the business retain its power.
E. 无关
逻辑链
第二题
premise: higher level of vitamins and minerals, the better a person’s lung function. Smokers is worse.
Conclusion: the smokers would better to eat the food that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
Logical: improve the lung function = the rich vitamins and minerals = eat the food that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
A. bingo  

其他的分析不是很好。就贴出两题吧。我要看看其他的分析。

fox0923

明天该我了，好激动啊~
占位~~~今天又阴天，情绪小低落~

----------------------------------------分界线------------------------------------------------------
精练-----------1min----------------weaken
B: According to B of D's law, the business will loss power unless it recognizes the social responsibility.
P: The society will reduce the business' power if it thinks the business does not act responsibly.
C: So the business can retain its power as long as it acts responsibly.
Prephrase: the social responsibility is vary based on different opinions and thoughts of people.
                  Other reasons can also affect the business' power.

Analysis:
(A) Government institutions are as subject to the
Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.
------------------------------------------government institutions is not mentioned in the passage. so this is irrelevant.
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.
------------------------------------------public relations programs affect the society to change the standard of social responsibility. This can be a contender.
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more
slowly than the power of others, whether they
are socially responsible or not.
------------------------------------------the conclusion talks about the act of socially responsible will determine the power of business, but the choice here makes a comparison between socially responsible business and non-socially responsible business. This doesn't weaken the conclusion.
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business
will eventually fail.
-----------------------------------------this can be a support choice.
(E) Some businesses that have used power in
socially responsible ways have lost it.
------------------------------------------举出一个范例说明即使是遵循了social responsibility，也还是会loss power。

齐擦擦又错了~~不知道是B还是E？倾向于B，但觉得B有点过于局限性--因为说了public relation programs.那其他的呢？还是我想多了？


分析：
B：If a public relations program can
cause society to think an institution is socially responsible even when it is not,
then an institution that wishes to retain power could act irresponsibly and then
get a public relations firm to cover up the activities.----这么说看来是我想多了，这个选项本身用了一种假设的情况，所以依照这种假设情况就已经可以weaken了~~


E: As you learned from the discussion of answer choice (C) of the carpet market question, attacking the Mistaken Reversal of the conclusion does not hurt the conclusion. However, this answer is attractive because not only does it address elements of the conclusion, it also appears as the final answer choice. A test taker who did not like any of the earlier answers would find this answer quite attractive.
----~~原来B-->非A，是不可以weaken A--〉B的，不知道是不是这样理解的？
The answer states that even though some businesses acted responsibly (AR), they did not retain power (RP).谁能给解释一下上面的reversal of the conclusion? 用AR的business还是有可能会loss power的，不明白怎么reversal了？


This relationship can be diagrammed as:
WRP = business wish(es) to retain power as long as possible
AR = act responsibly
WRP AR

zz42050524

巴拉今天发啊，明天来做

小意达de花儿

占楼，囧，昨天的忘记做了，今天一起补上

Jane412

这就做。。

CHRISTINE2010

每天都补作业~~

Jane412

精练：[weaken]time：42’‘
premise: avoid social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power
premise:business must act responsibly
conclusion: business can retain its power


premise: act responsibly 不是唯一retain power的方法。或者二者没必然关系


A) Government institutions are as subject to the
Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.---------------------------------------------------------------题目和business有关，没有涉及government，irrelevant
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.
--------------------------------------------------------------目的是要retain power，不是consider sth responsible，irrelevant
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more
slowly than the power of others, whether they
are socially responsible or not.
--------------------------------------------------------------irrelevant。题目是retain power和responsible的关系。这里是erode power和responsible无关。两个说的不是一个事儿，所以不对。
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business
will eventually fail.
--------------------------------------------------------------题目是as long as it can.本来就没说eternal，irrelevant。
(E) Some businesses that have used power in
socially responsible ways have lost it.
---------------------------------------correct！说明responsible不能retain power