4月17日逻辑答案

belinda_cao

1、Not all life depends on energy from sunlight. Microbial life has been found in bedrock more than five kilometers below the surface of the Earth, and bacteria have been found on the deep ocean floor feeding on hydrogen and other gases rising from the interior of the Earth through vents in the ocean floor.

The statements above, if true, best support which of the following as a conclusion?

A The location in the bedrock where microbial life was found was not near a system of volcanic vents through which hydrogen and other gases rose from the interior of the Earth.  
B Bacteria are able to exist at the molten center of the Earth.  
C A thorough survey of a planet's surface is insufficient to establish beyond a doubt that the planet contains no life.  
D Life probably exists on Sun-orbiting comets, which are cold agglomerations of space dust and frozen gases.  
E Finding bacterial remains in coal and oil would establish that the bacteria had been feeding on substances that had not been produced from the energy of sunlight.  

1、单词：vent  [英][vent][美][vɛnt] n.通风口，排气孔；v.发泄
2、正确答案：C
3、原文逻辑：前提：不是所有生物都依靠太阳能生存的。
举例：在地表下超过五公里的基岩位置被发现的微生物和海底的细菌依靠从海底喷出的氢气和其他气体而生存。
4、选项分析：A选项说在微生物被发现的位置周围没有找到喷出氢气和其他气体的火山口系统。与原文结论相反。
                     B选项说细菌不能在地心处存在。很奇怪，与原文没有什么联系。
                     C选项说对一个星球表面彻底的调查并不足以确定该行星没有生命。       
                     D选项说在太阳轨道运行的彗星可能存在生命，太空尘埃冷群和冰冻的气体。无关。
                     E选项说找到在煤和石油中存在的细菌可以说明细菌依靠太阳能以外的物质生存。不能说明原因，在煤和石油中找到不能说明他们不用阳光。举例说一株植物的残骸在煤层里发现了，但你不能说它不用太阳能。

2、From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States. The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline. However, although aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling, it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.

Which of the following, if true of the United States in the period 1978 to 1988, most helps to account for the finding?

A Glass bottles are significantly heavier than aluminum cans of comparableize.  
B Recycled aluminum cans were almost all beverage containers, but a significant fraction of the recycled glass bottles had contained products other than beverages.  
C Manufacturers replaced many glass bottles, but few aluminum cans, with plastic containers.  
D The total weight of glass bottles purchased by households increased at a slightly faster rate than the total weight of aluminum cans.  
E In many areas, glass bottles had to be sorted by color of the glass before being recycled, whereas aluminum cans required no sorting.  

1、正确答案：C
2、题型：解释题
3、原文逻辑：需要解释的现象：the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.
                     1）需要解释这个比较，所以答案也是要比较glass bottles 和aluminum cans；2）最好用转折前的现象来解释转折后的现象。
     思考：aluminum cans 被recycle的数量很多，为什么下降的比例没有那么多。很明显，这是一个比例和绝对数量的问题。那就是aluminum cans在市场中的基数比glass bottles多。
4、选项分析：A：虽然是glass bottles跟aluminum cans的比较，但是哪个更重跟需要解释的现象没有关系；
                     B：也是在对比glass bottles和aluminum cans。 但是对比的是它们是不是beverage containers, 这个跟谁的基数大没有关系。并且有范围扩大词other than；
                     C：确实是对比glass bottles和aluminum cans。制造商用plastic containers替换了很多的glass bottles而几乎没替换aluminum cans。这说明在市场中，glass bottles较少，aluminum cans较多，也就是aluminum cans基数大。刚好解释了为什么aluminum cans的下降比例少。正确答案
                     D：glass bottles购买的增加比aluminum cans多，文章中又说recycle的 aluminum cans 比较多，那应该说明aluminum cans下降的比较多才对，与现象刚好相反，也和我们的"思考的市场中的基数"刚好相反；
                     E: 在被recycle之前，到底会不会根据颜色分类，与它们比例的下降没有关系；

3、Advertisement: For sinus pain, three out of four hospitals give their patients Novex. So when you want the most effective painkiller for sinus pain, Novex is the one to choose.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the advertisement's argument?

A Some competing brands of painkillers are intended to reduce other kinds of pain in addition to sinus pain.  
B Many hospitals that do not usually use Novex will do so for those patients who cannot tolerate the drug the hospitals usually use.  
C Many drug manufacturers increase sales of their products to hospitals by selling these products to the hospitals at the lowest price the manufacturers can afford.  
D Unlike some competing brands of painkillers, Novex is available from pharmacies without a doctor's prescription.  
E In clinical trials Novex has been found to be more effective than competing brands of painkillers that have been on the market longer than Novex.  

1、正确答案：C
2、原文逻辑：四分三的的医生给S病人N这个药，所以什么药最有效N就是其中之一 问反驳
3、选项分析：A一些竞争品牌的药打算减少其他疼痛除了S 这一点关系也没有啊 减少其他疼痛和原文没有关系
                     B许多医院很少用N的用N因为病人无法忍受他们常用药 说的是不常用N的医院什么情况下用N ，无关
                     C销量高是因为出产价低，这相当于解释了医院开这药的原因
                     D和其他药相比 N是非处方药 这说的是N的渠道问题
                     E临床试验中N有效相对于其他品牌 这说的是N有没效的问题 无关

4、Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.  
B Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.  
C As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.  
D On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.  
E When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.

1、正确答案：B
2、原文逻辑：原文说，如果成功赢得价格战的公司，企图用高价格收回当时打价格战的损失的话，会给竞争对手一个更好的用价格战反击的机会。
                     问：哪项最好的削弱了原文的论点
3、选项分析：A）看到in some countries就知道可以用“无关选项”来排除了
                     B) 航空高层一般都相信如果竞争对手出现的话，那些原先价格战获胜的公司会再次打价格战。也就是说，在高层看来，即使那些公司利用寡头垄断高价赚钱，他们也无可奈何。也就是说，竞争对手没有机会。
                     C) 这是说打价格战的方式
                     D）这是说战败的公司的策略，虽然不是反击策略，因为反击策略是支持论点的，最好排除，但由于没有说明第二次战斗相关的内容，所以没有B来的充分。
                     E) 这是指打价格战的原理，也无关

5、A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker's Beach, the world's sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching. Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker's Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago. Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world's Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists' prediction?

A The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker's Beach.  
B Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker's Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old.  
C Under normal conditions, only a small proportion of hatchling female Merrick sea turtles survive in the ocean until adulthood and return to lay their eggs at Baker's Beach.  
D Environmental pressures unrelated to the chemical spill have caused a significant decline in the population of one of the several species of sea birds that prey on Merrick sea turtle eggs.  
E After the chemical spill, an environmental group rejected a proposal to increase the Merrick sea turtle population by transferring eggs from Baker's Beach to nearby beaches that had not been affected by the spill.

1、正确答案：B
2、原文逻辑：1）5年前,海滩就被污染了,因此理论上某龟会减少
                     2）但是从增加的母龟来看,上面的推断是错的
3、选项分析：Clearly, environmentalists' prediction that the world's Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded,注意这里proven unfounded,是由一个现象推出了结论，而不是结论为来产蛋的龟多了。
要使1能推出2，必须有个前提假设，就是母龟是受到海滩污染影响的，因为只有这样，它们数量的反增不减才能证明污染对他们没影响
而B指出，由于母龟在10岁的时候才会回来产蛋，所以这批母龟并不是5年前被污染的那批蛋孵出来的