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这几天没有模考的状态，回头看看错题，做做阅读，看看OG12的cr,sc吧~
Passage 6 (6/63)Feudal 封建制度的，领地的，世仇的 overlord 最高统治者，封建君主 humblest 谦卑的，恭顺的 samurai 武士 shogun 幕府的首领 castle 城堡 temptation 引诱，诱惑物 martial 军事的，战争的，尚武的 laxity 松弛，放纵 misfortune 不幸，灾祸，灾难 debasement 降低，贬值 coinage 造币，货币制度 reclamation 开垦，收回，再利用，矫正shortfall 差额，缺少 broker 经纪人，中间人 levying 征税，征收，征兵 regrettably 抱歉的，遗憾的 solvency 偿付能力，溶解力 derision 嘲笑的对象
P1: 日本封建君主负债的两大原因： 1. 不能适应快速发展的经济 2.幕府和武士的开销变大，入不敷出
P2：武士不能提高收入的两个原因 导致 德川幕府从别的渠道捞钱， 排除了几个捞钱渠道
P3：找到了筹钱的方法--- individual Japanese who lived on fixedstipends
In the eighteenth century,Japan’s feudal overlords,from the shogun (shogun: n.<日>幕府时代的将军) tothe humblest samurai (samurai:n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress. In part,this stress can be attributed to the overlords’ failure to adjust to a rapidlyexpanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-townshad acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way ofbuyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years ofpeace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrativetasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habitsgrew expensive. Overlords’ income, despite the increase in rice productionamong their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses.Although shortfallsin overlords’ income resulted almost as much from laxity among their taxcollectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding)as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing anincrease in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to thecity rice-brokerswho handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor theshogun himself found it easy to recover.
It was difficult forindividual samurai overlords to increase their income becausethe amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited,and since the income of Japan’s centralgovernment consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his hugedomain, the government too was constrained. Therefore,the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cashprofits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because themost easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensatedfor the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what wassuitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Directtaxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns onlycommerce as a potential source of government income.
Most of the country’s wealth,or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contributepart of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. Ameans of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxesin the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary inamount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawashoguns’ search for solvencyfor the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese wholived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.
1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from
(A) an economic history of Japan
(B)the memoirs of a samurai warrior
(C)a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan
(D)an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Westerncounterpart（A）
(E)an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales
2. Which of the following financial situationsis most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shogunsfound themselves in the eighteenth century?
(A)A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it isawarded a lucrative government contract.
(B)Fire destroys a small business, but insurance coversthe cost of rebuilding.
(C)A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.
(D) A small business has tostruggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.（D）
(E) Asmall business is able to cut back sharply onspending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for aloss of revenue.
3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samuraidiscussed in lines 11-16?
(A)Warmly approving
(B) Mildly sympathetic 这题错选纯粹是民族情绪啊~
(C)Bitterly disappointed
(D) Harshly disdainful（B）
(E)Profoundly shocked
4. According to the passage, the major reasonfor the financial problems experienced by Japan’s feudal overlords in theeighteenth century was that
(A) spending had outdistanced income
(B)trade had fallen off
(C)profits from mining had declined
(D)the coinage had been sharply debased（A）
(E)the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns
5. The passage implies that individual samuraidid not find it easy to recover from debt for which of the following reasons?P2
(A)Agricultural production had increased.
(B)Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount.
(C)The Japanese government had failed to adjust to the needs of a changingeconomy.
(D)The domains of samurai overlords were becoming smaller and poorer as governmentrevenues increased.（E）
(E) There was a limit to theamount in taxes that farmers could be made to pay.
6. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office oftax collector
(A) was a source of personal profitto the officeholder
(B)was regarded with derisionby many Japanese
(C)remained within families
(D) existed only in castle-towns 不懂诶~（C）
(E)took up most of the officeholder’s time
7. Which of the following could best besubstituted for the word “This” in line 47 without changingthe meaning of the passage?
(A)The search of Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns for solvency
(B)The importance of commerce in feudal Japan
(C)The unfairness of the tax structure in eighteenth century Japan
(D)The difficulty ofincreasing government income by other means（D）
(E)The difficulty experienced by both individual samurai and the shogun himself inextricating themselves from debt
8. The passage implies that which of thefollowing was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to citymerchants for help in financing the state?
(A)A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.
(B)Most of the country’swealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.
(C)Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters suchas floods.
(D)The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.（B）
(E)Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.
9. According to the passage, the actions of theTokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government wereregrettable because those actions
(A) raised the cost of living bypushing up prices
(B)resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily worked deposits of silver andgold
(C)were far lower in yield than had originally been anticipated
(D)did not succeed in reducing government spending（A）
(E)acted as a deterrent to trade
Passage 7 (7/63)Word: stage 舞台，阶段，举行 revival 复兴，苏醒 territory 领土raid 突袭，袭击 Constantinople 君士坦丁堡 extinguish 熄灭，压制，偿清possession拥有，财产，领土 secure 安全的，有把握的antiquity 高龄，古物 sequential 连续的，有顺序的intellectual 聪明的，理智的incursion入侵，侵犯 precursor 先驱，前导 inexplicable 费解的，无法说明的
P1：介绍B国从八世纪到11世纪的基本兴衰情况
P2：举例说明正常的经济，军事，文艺复兴的前后联系
P3：猜测推出B国的三者联系
P4：推翻第三段的猜测，说明B国三者reverse的联系
Between the eighth andeleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire staged (to produce or cause to happen for public view or public effect “stage a track meet” “stage a hunger strike”) an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery thatis all the more striking because it followed along period of severe internal decline. By the earlyeighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it hadpossessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs andBulgarians, who at times (at times: adv.有时, 不时) threatenedto take Constantinopleand extinguish theempire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatlydiminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire hadregained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended farbeyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and artand scholarship had advanced.
To consider theByzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspectsof a single phenomenon is reasonable.After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome underAugustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, anexamination of the apparent sequentialconnections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might helpexplain the dynamics of historical change.
The commonexplanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would runlike this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory andhad begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturallyexpanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature.Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which inturn led to cultural revival.
No doubt this hypotheticalpattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is notclear that military advances invariably came first, economic advances second,and intellectualadvances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered inthe empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however,can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learningappears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writersappeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a culturalrevival was in full bloom (in full bloom: adv.开着花), a revival that lasted until the fall ofConstantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revivalfollowed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium.In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced thesubsequent economic and military expansion.
1. Which of the following best states thecentral idea of the passage?
(A)The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military andeconomic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.为什么不对？
(B)The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire betweenthe eighth and eleventh centuries was similar inits order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth centuryAthens.
(C)After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, culturalexpansion that lasted until 1453.只有文化复兴延续到1453.
(D)The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economicand military precursorshave yet to be discovered. 文章就是解释这个现象，怎么能说费解呢？（E）
(E) The revival of the ByzantineEmpire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirthpreceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly acceptedorder of progress.
2. The primary purpose of the second paragraphis which of the following?
(A)To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival
(B)To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural,economic, and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must bemeasured
(C)To suggest that cultural,economic, and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated indifferent societies
(D)To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athenswere similar, they are unrelated to other historical examples（C）
(E)To indicate that, wherever possible, historians should seek to make comparisonswith the earliest chronological examples of revival
3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces
(A) hadreached their peak and begun to decline 八世纪的事儿
(B)had eliminated the Bulgarian army
(C)were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus
(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate’smilitary forces（D）
(E) had achieved control of Byzantinegovernmental structures 只收回了一半的失地
4. It can be inferred from the passage that theByzantine Empire sustained significant territoriallosses
(A)in 600
(B)during the seventh century 还有一半的领土没有收回
(C)a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost
(D)soon after the revival of Byzantine learning（B）
(E) in the century after 873
5. In the third paragraph, the author mostprobably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic,military, and cultural development in order to
(A)suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model
(B) set up an order of events thatis then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium
(C)cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium
(D)suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedentexists（B）
(E)argue that military conquest is the paramount element in the growth of empires
6. Which of the following does the authormention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in whichthe Byzantine revival began?
(A)The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and culturaladvances.
(B)The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.
(C)The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.
(D)The revival of Byzantinelearning began toward the end of the eighth century.（D）
(E)By the early eleventh century the Byzantine Empire had regained much of itslost territory.
7. According to the author, “The commonexplanation” (line 28) of connections between economic,military, and cultural development is
(A)revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the ByzantineEmpire
(B)reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress
(C)not applicable to theByzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limitedperiods during the revival
(D)equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history ofmilitary, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome（C）
(E)essentially not helpful, because military, economic, and cultural advances arepart of a single phenomenon |
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发表于 2012-3-21 05:27:56
Passage 1 (1/63)
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