【每日逻辑练习第三季】【1-1】

qiuhua01234567

1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has

solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to

him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any

other detective on the police force.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously

weakens the argument above?

(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the

most capable detective, she assigns him only

the most difficult cases, ones that others have

failed to solve.

(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a

neighborhood police officer and was highly

respected by the residents of the

neighborhood he patrolled.

(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl

serves are provided with extensive resources,

including the use of a large computer

database, to help them solve crimes.

(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police

department in another city, and in the 4 years

he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30

crimes.

(E) Many of the officers in the police department in

which Carl serves were hired or promoted

within the last 5 years.

2.Downtown Villieu was once a flourishing business district, but most Villieu-area businesses are now located only in the suburbs.  The office buildings downtown lack the modern amenities most business operators demand today.  To lure more businesses downtown, Villieu officials plan to have several modern office buildings constructed and to offer reduced local tax rates to any business that leases space in a new downtown building.



Which of the following, if true, most threatens the plan's likelihood of success?

(A) Most of the businesses currently located in downtown Villieu have long-term leases on the space they occupy there.（no tie）

(B) The existing office buildings in downtown Villieu have, on average, a much higher vacancy rate than do office buildings in Villieu's suburbs.（no tie）

(C) The local tax rates in Villieu's suburbs are significantly lower than downtown Villieu's proposed rate for businesses that lease space in the new office buildings.

(D) Most of the businesses that currently lease office space in downtown Villieu also lease office space in Villieu's suburbs.

(E) With the new office buildings, downtown Villieu would have a greater amount of modern office space than any other downtown business district in the region.(no tie)

29Beta Corporation claims that it no longer has enough work for the 60 computer data-entry workers that it is laying off.  These workers have heard, however, that the company is buying 100 new computers.  So the workers concluded that the company's real reason for laying them off is to fill their jobs with lower-paid workers.



Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the workers' conclusion?



(A) Most of the workers being laid off know how to enter data on a number of different computer systems.(no tie)

(B) Orders for almost all of Beta Corporation products have increased over the past year.(no tie)

(C) A recent memorandum from the president of Beta Corporation requested that all data generated by the company be stored in computerized form.(no tie)

(D) Beta Corporation's computer data-entry workers are more experienced and hence more highly paid than people doing comparable work in other companies(no tie).

(E) Beta Corporation's new computers will allow its current management and sales staff to perform many of the tasks that the data-entry workers were previously doing.

Situation:  For five years the Souper restaurant chain has maintained rapid sales growth in Danport, primarily by opening new restaurants that draw patrons away from other restaurants in their vicinity.



Goal:  Souper wishes to achieve continued rapid sales growth in Danport over the next two years.



Proposal for consideration:  Continue to open new restaurants in Danport during the next two years at the same rate as in the last two years.



In light of the situation, which of the following, if true, most strongly argues that adopting the proposal would be an ineffective way of achieving the goal?



(A) At times at which customers find Souper restaurants too crowded, they often go to other restaurants nearby.(S)

(B) The Souper chain has generally opened new restaurants in locations that are in the vicinity of a large number of other restaurants.

(C) Souper restaurants generally offer a much smaller variety of foods than many of the other restaurants in their vicinity.(no tie)

(D) Virtually all potential sites for new Souper restaurants in Danport are located in the vicinity of existing Souper restaurants.

(E) Souper restaurants have always offered meals that are somewhat less expensive than meals at restaurants that compete with Souper for patrons.(no tie)

An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.



Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?



(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted by an unusual warming of Pacific waters.(S)

(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity of the rainy season in India.(S)

(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.

(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.(S)

(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.(S)

Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.  However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.  Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.



Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?



(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.(S)

(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.

(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.(no tie)

(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.(no tie)

(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.(no tie)







Truf的lawyer专区：

大家好，我们今天从weaken开始。先将LAWYER语录摘抄如下：

3．WEAKEN

看原文：找出结论和推出该结论的前提。特别注意结论的特殊性和具体性。

找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案

TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

几种特殊类型：

原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接WEAKEN结论

因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论

的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。

D显示因果关系的资料不准确。

条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。

或举反例，或提供有关信息。

原文是类比：WEAKEN方式为两者本质不同

调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）

我们按照OG题目开始分析weaken:

“Life expectancy” is the average age at death of the

entire live-born population. In the middle of the

nineteenth century, life expectancy in North America

was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years.

Thus, in those days, people must have been

considered old at an age that we now consider the

prime of life.

Which of the following, if true, undermines the

argument above?

(A)  In the middle of the nineteenth century, the

population of North America was significantly

smaller than it is today.

(B)  Most of the gains in life expectancy in the last

150 years have come from reductions in the

number of infants who die in their first year

of life.

(C)  Many of the people who live to an advanced age

today do so only because of medical technology

that was unknown in the nineteenth century.

(D)  The proportion of people who die in their

seventies is significantly smaller today than is the

proportion of people who die in their eighties.

(E)  More people in the middle of the nineteenth

century engaged regularly in vigorous physical

activity than do so today

对于所有的逻辑题目，第一步不是读题目，是找出题型是什么，我们来看提问的东西：Which of the following, if true, undermines the argument above?

从undermines 我们可以知道，这类型是weaken类型。

第二步：快速的读一遍题目。找出background，premise（evidence）,conclusion（fact），尤其是conclusion,对于解题特别重要。

此题中background:“Life expectancy” is the average age at death of the

entire live-born population. In the middle of the

nineteenth century

Fact: life expectancy in North America

was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years.

Conclusion:Thus, in those days, people must have been

considered old at an age that we now consider the

prime of life.

我们看lawyer的语句：找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案

什么叫：具体性去区分有关无关。比如说：我要上月球，怎么上？问你怎么上，不是问你什么时候上。什么时候上的选项全部排出。我们来看这题conclusion:people must have been

considered old at an age that we now consider the prime of life.对于选项（A）：你告诉我population有什么用？立马排除选项A，剩下四个选项

第三步：我们来按照lawyer看：因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论

的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。

D显示因果关系的资料不准确。

这题明显是因果结论事件：我们这时候来看，关键就在这里：找GAP。可以怎么weaken这个结论呢？A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。

明显不是A。看C：也不可能。B：割断因果。怎么割断法？回过头来看OG解释： But

averages can be misleading. What if, in the nineteenth century, the number of infants

born alive but not surviving their first year was far higher than it is today? If this were so,

it would significantly reduce the average age at time of death of the population as a

whole—but of course that population could have contained many who lived well into

their seventies or eighties. h  us, if we add the information that first-year infant mortality

was quite high 150 years ago, the conclusion that 40 years was considered old then would

be much less well supported.

我们明白了：有样本的特殊性存在，也就是lawyer的最后一句话：

调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）

至此：大功告成。慢着，别慌。检验

问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

我们来看答案：(B)  Most of the gains in life expectancy in the last 150 years have come from reductions in the number of infants who die in their first year of life.

我们TEST下来，发现没有任何问题，大功告成，confirm

kid381

1-1
101 22’’
Karl solved only 1 in every 25 cases assigned to him in the past two years > Karl is an incompetent detective.
Weaken: because he is the best detective in the police station, the administrator always dispense him the most difficult case.
A bingo
B irrelevant, perhaps strengthen the argument
C irrelevant, because every detective are equipped with high tech gadget,
D strengthen
E irrelevant
102 34’’
The downtown area was flourishing in the past, but due to the inconvenient amenities and, the suburb has replace the downtown. To attract tenants, the governor plans to build new buildings and lower the tax rate.
Weaken: most of the tenants have signed long term renting contracts with the owner of suburb buildings (C).
103 39’’
The Beta Corporation dismisses 60 data entry workers because it cannot provide enough work for these ex-staffs. The data entry workers think of this explanation as an excuse because they know that the corporation buy 100 new computers.
Weaken: these 100 new computers are not used for data entry work (E).
104 25’’
For the last five years Souper develops speedily by opening new restaurant and attract consumers of other restaurants. To keep this high pace in the future, the restaurant plans to open new chains at the same speed as it did in the past.
Weaken: all possible locations have been occupied by Souper and all potential customers have seized by Souper in Danport (D).
105 38’’
Volcano erupted in Iceland in 1984 > cold winter in mainland Europe in 1985. Conclusion: volcano eruption leads to the cold weather (C).
106 45’’
Some airlines reduce fares to attract more customers, thus they can charge higher fees after competitors are dispelled from the market. However, this method will never work out because the competitor will come back after the airlines charge higher fees (A).

lovecq77

你这答案都贴出来...

yuyue888

1.P:他在过去的3年只解决了很小一部分的案件，和其他警官比是25比1
C:C是一个没有能力的警官
可能：是不是C办理的案件是大案 更加的复杂
答案：A

2.BG:V的市中心以前很繁荣，但是后来商铺都去了郊区。是因为市中心缺乏便利设施
目的：把商铺吸引回市中心
手段：在市中心盖新楼并给来新楼的商铺低税的优惠
可能：还是没有便利设施？
答案：选C

3.BG:B公司因为没有足够多的活儿，把60名员工裁了
P:但是公司买进了100台新电脑
C:公司裁人的真正目的是想用工资更低的工人替代他们
可能：100台电脑不是数据输入用的 或者电脑和这些工人的工作无关
答案：E

4.BG:S饭店通过开新饭店从其他饭店吸引客人，取得了好的增长
目的：继续获利　
手段：继续增开饭店
可能：１.客人数量有限　２.开的新饭店吸引了自己老饭店的客人
答案：Ｄ

5.P: 在1984年爱尔兰火山爆发禅山了XX阻拦了大陆，后来欧洲经历了一个寒冬
C:火山爆发导致了寒冬
可能：其他原因
答案：C

6.BG:很多航空公司为了吸引顾客，把机票的价格调得很低，甚至赔本
P：航空公司后来为了弥补以前的损失，而进行提价，这给其他航空公司机票打折提供了机会
C：这种方法不能成功将竞争者踢出这些航空线路
可能：乘客一旦习惯一家公司，就不会换
答案：B

daisyの小夢想

很高兴看到那么多朋友一起做练习了~~
蓝若痕mm的格式不错~~
在这里补充一下练习的须知：
1）请计时，记录自己读题干与题目需要花的时间，因为需要营造考试的紧张感。
2）请在读题之后不再看题干来写出逻辑链，用自己的话根据自己的记忆和理解来写，不要单纯的复制粘贴，因为那不是你的理解。
3）请做完练习后到大本营进度贴中打卡，我负责监督大家的作业考勤哈哈。
4）2.21晚贴出的练习为2.22的练习，规定在2.22晚上十点前完成，10pm后在Q群一起讨论当天练习问题。

p.s. 一起奋斗的感觉是最美好的。真心希望大家在这里一起练习，一起讨论，找到出国这条苦逼道路上互相扶持的好朋友^^

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2012/2/22 0:54:23)

哈哈~姐姐 我刚刚在群里发现，不仅我们两的英文名一样~~而且你的生日就在我前面一天哦~~有缘呢~

-- by 会员 蓝若痕 (2012/2/22 23:50:05)

哇哈哈 有缘耶~~~不过我整整大了一年>,< 最近总被叫姐姐了哭哈哈。

daisyの小夢想

【答案】
ACEDCB

蓝若痕

很高兴看到那么多朋友一起做练习了~~
蓝若痕mm的格式不错~~
在这里补充一下练习的须知：
1）请计时，记录自己读题干与题目需要花的时间，因为需要营造考试的紧张感。
2）请在读题之后不再看题干来写出逻辑链，用自己的话根据自己的记忆和理解来写，不要单纯的复制粘贴，因为那不是你的理解。
3）请做完练习后到大本营进度贴中打卡，我负责监督大家的作业考勤哈哈。
4）2.21晚贴出的练习为2.22的练习，规定在2.22晚上十点前完成，10pm后在Q群一起讨论当天练习问题。

p.s. 一起奋斗的感觉是最美好的。真心希望大家在这里一起练习，一起讨论，找到出国这条苦逼道路上互相扶持的好朋友^^

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2012/2/22 0:54:23)

哈哈~姐姐 我刚刚在群里发现，不仅我们两的英文名一样~~而且你的生日就在我前面一天哦~~有缘呢~

cherry1102

Premise: C solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years than any other detective on the police force.
Conclusion: C is an incompetent detective.
思路:BDE无关 C支持


Premise: most Villieu-area businesses are now located only in the suburbs.  The office buildings downtown lack the modern amenities most business operators demand today.
Conclusion: To lure more businesses downtown, Villieu officials plan to have several modern office buildings constructed and to offer reduced local tax rates to any business that leases space in a new downtown building.
思路：ABDE赶脚明显的不对~~


Premise：公司要裁员说因为没有那么多工作给60名data entry员工，但工人听说公司又买了100台电脑
Conclusion：工人说裁员的真正原因是公司要聘用低报酬的工人
思路：100台电脑的工作不是给这60个data entry人的 E


Premise: 5年之内S餐厅销售额上涨是因为开新餐厅把顾客从别的餐厅抢来~
Conclusion：持续开新餐厅可以持续增加销售额
思路：地方都开完了木有可开的就达不到目的了~~


Premise:1984 laki火山爆发导致欧洲经历的严冬。。
Conclusion：火山爆发导致大气层 cooler
思路：用一个相反的事实反对  C


Premise：航空公司降价使竞争者出局
Conclusion：不可实行因为之后抬高价格使竞争者有机会
思路：只要竞争者一进来就降价，使得此方案可行  B




PS.原谅俺这个今天晚上才发现小分队的菜鸟吧~~努力赶上大家的进度~~

alexqz327

1.
1)23s
2)
Premise 1: Carl the detective only solved 1/25 of cases assigned in last 3 years,
Premise 2: Carl solved smaller percentage than any detective else
Conclusion: Carl is incompetent in his job.
3)less cases solved doesn’t mean incapability. He could have been assigned most difficult and important cases which took more time.
4) A

2.
1)45s
2)
Premise 1 Downtown V is not attractive to businesses due to old building amenities
Premise 2: New modern buildings and reduced local tax will be offered to new business in downtown V.
Conclusion: More business will be lured to downtown V
3) Persuasive argument
4) C

3.
1)26s
2)
Premise: Company are laying off 60 computers data entry workers
Premise: 60 computers data entry workers heard company is buying 100 new computers
Conclusion: They believe company lays them off to hire low-cost workers.
3) New computer purchase does not mean computer data entry work is still needed. They may be used to replace old ones for other staff. Or new computer has ability to run software that can replace data entry work.
4) E

4.
1) 33s
2)
Premise: The Chain Restaurants achieved rapid growth in D city in last 5 years, mainly due to opening new restaurants and drive patrons of adjacent competitors away.
Premise 2: The CR will keep opening new restaurants in coming 2 years in D city
Conclusion: They will achieve growth as rapid as they did in last 5 years.
3) All restaurants in D city may already have an adjacent Chain Restaurant that already drive many patrons away. Opening new restaurants may not continuously drive as many competitor patrons as before, therefore they cannot keep the rapid growth as before.
4) D
5)A insufficient B insufficient C irrelevant E irrelevant

5.
1) 28s
2)
Premise: A usually winter came after the volcano erupted which caused haze
Conclusion: Volcano eruption caused that major climate changes to that cold.
3) Time sequence doesn’t necessarily mean causal effect. There may be many other reasons. It can be only coincidence.
4) C
5) A support B irrelevant D support E support

6. 35s
1)
2)
Premise: Some airline companies are doing price promotion on some routes to drive competitors out of competition in these routs
Premise 2: Once implemented, if they want to raise fare rate after the method, competitors will low their fare rate.
Conclusion: This method will not be profitable
3) Implementation of this method may get rid of all competitors in this route so that this company become monopoly and, therefore, completely controls that route and charge however high fares to customers.
4) B
5) ACDE irrelevant

kakapo

2. Background: Downtown Villieu was once a flourishing business district, but most Villieu-area businesses are now located only in the suburbs.
Background: The office buildings downtown lack the modern amenities most business operators demand today.
Premise: Villieu officials plan to have several modern office buildings constructed and to offer reduced local tax rates to any business that leases space in a new downtown building.
Conclusion: Villieu downtown will lure more businesses downtown.

Threaten: Downtown is far from the market or people’s living places, and the traffic is not convenient.

Choose C.

3.Premise: Corporation claims that it no longer has enough work for the 60 computer data-entry workers that it is laying off.  
Premise: that the company is buying 100 new computers.
Conclusion: the workers concluded that the company's real reason for laying them off is to fill their jobs with lower-paid workers.

Undermine: Beta corporation buys computers for high-level positions and has outsourced data-entry work.

Choose E.

4. Weaken: no market for new restaurants in their vicinity, or

Choose: D

5. Premise: An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.
Conclusion: it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.

Weaken: there are some other reason to explain the severe winter, or there are evidence to prove the irrelevant of internet.

Choose: C

6. Background: Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.
Premise: Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Conclusion: this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.

Weaken:

Choose: C（该题答错了，正确答案是B，当时没看答案时就想不出来Weaken的可能选项，看了答案还是不知道选哪个）