【每日逻辑练习第二季【2-2】

UlysessHope

下午要去外地，所以中午先发上练习吧~待我考完回归
大家加油~
【精练】
3. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most
of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with
low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to
interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in
older planes. During landing, navigation systems
receive radio signals from the airport to guide the
plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with
low-power circuitry veered off course during landing,
its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a
laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation
systems are being put at risk by the electronic
devices that passengers carry on board, such as
cassette players and laptop computers.
Which one of the following, if true, LEAST
strengthens the argument above?
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.
【逻辑链】
13.(25752-!-item-!-188;#058&002668)
An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted by an unusual warming of Pacific waters.
(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity of the rainy season in India.
(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.
(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.

14.(25938-!-item-!-188;#058&002908)
Most household appliances use electricity only when in use.  Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.  The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.  Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
(B) Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
(C) All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.
(D) Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.
(E) There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.

15.(25986-!-item-!-188;#058&002914)
Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.  However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.  Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.
(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.
(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.
(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.
(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.

16.(26678-!-item-!-188;#058&003277)
When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane.  In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint.  The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
Which of the following, if true, is further evidence that using the film will help the airline officials achieve their goal?
(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors.
(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than paint can.
(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special training.
(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases.
(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet, the film remains securely attached.

Lincy123

P：近期一家lpc飞机当乘客打开电脑时veered off

C：现代飞机导航系统因为电子设备而有风险

Least strengthen：无关或Weaken：找他因，或证明电子设备无风险

A） 当乘客关掉电脑时回复正常。Strengthen

B） 当使用电子设备时会发出电磁辐射，影响c。strengthen

C） 没有电子设备时导航设备没有问题。Strengthen

D）电磁辐射可以影响8米，一些乘客坐在离设备4米的地方。 有点不足

E） 在飞机安装lpc的同时，便携式电子设备流行起来，无关。Correct

P：火山爆发后的bh导致欧洲冬天很冷

C：火山爆发会让大气层变得更冷

A） 火山爆发的cooling effect被太平洋暖流抵消了。待定

B） 火山爆发和印度雨季关联性强，无关

C） 火山爆发几个月后，空气温度比预期中高，导致长期气候趋势。Correct

D）火山爆发的气候影响会笼罩由于二氧化碳过多导致的变暖趋势。

E） 在火山爆发三个月后，海水表面温度下降

P：有钟的微波炉每天会消耗45千瓦

C：有没有钟的微波炉的家庭比有钟的省电45千瓦

Assumption：没有钟的微波炉没有其他用电的地方

A） 没有微波炉的家庭用电量更少。无关

B） 有钟的微波炉更便宜。无关

C） 有微波炉的家庭通常都有煤气炉，无关

D）没有钟的微波炉的家庭更可不能有一个单独的钟。Correct

E） 更多家庭有有钟的微波炉。无关

P：一旦减少了就很难恢复到原来价格，恢复价格会给竞争对手降价机会

C：亏本减少特定航线费用的方法不能长期获利

Weaken

A） 在一些国家亏本卖东西是合法的。无关

B） 一旦公司采取降价措施，未来有新竞争者的时候很可能再这么做。无关（x）correct

博弈论：竞争对手知道如果进入市场，对方同样会用降价措施把自己挤出市场，则竞争者不会进入市场，因此可以长期获利

C） 为了吸引新顾客，航空公司有时低价买票。无关

D）为了停止特定航线，航空公司把资源移到其他航线而不是减少他们的运作规模。

E） 当航空公司减少特定航线费用时，这条线的乘客会大幅度增长。Correct（x）

销量上升并不代表能长期获利

P：用塑料膜替代油漆，在换膜的同时可以做其他事情

C：减少维修时间

Strengthen

A） 膜有特定颜色。无关

B） 膜可以比油漆更快去除。Correct

C） 膜只能经过专门训练的人安装，无关

D）飞机外壳需要避免高温。无关

E） 即使速度更高，膜都维持安全。无关

云栈

1.        43s
B： 当今大多数商用飞机中都使用的现代导航系统是用低功率电路制成的，该电路比老式飞机中的真空管电路更容易受到干扰。
P： 在着陆期间，导航系统会从机场接收无线电信号，以将飞机引导至跑道。
P： 最近，一架带有低功率电路的飞机在降落过程中转向偏离航线，当乘客打开笔记本电脑时，其表盘变暗。
C： 显然，现代飞机导航系统正受到乘客携带的电子设备（例如卡带播放器和膝上型计算机）的威胁。
推测：证明navigation受到游客的电子产品的影响不大；或者与原题无关；
选项分析：E
A: 支持，说明laptop就是干扰的原因
B：支持，说明电子设备的电磁感染circuitry
C: 支持，说明没有电子设备就不会出问题
D: 支持，说明电磁干扰的范围大于和navigation的距离
E：无关

2.        37s
P： 1984年夏季，欧洲大陆冰岛被拉克火山喷发而造成的蓝色薄雾笼罩，欧洲发生了异常异常严峻的冬天。
C：因此，明显的是，大爆发使大气变得比以前更凉。
推测：举例说明有的eruption没有导致大气更冷；说明寒冬是因为别的原因导致的
选项分析：C

3.        48s
P： 大多数家用电器仅在使用时才用电。但是，许多微波炉都有内置时钟，因此即使不使用它们也会消耗一些电量。
P: 每个时钟每年消耗约45千瓦时。
C：因此，没有内置时钟的微波炉的家庭平均每年要比没有微波但具有内置时钟的可比家庭少使用45千瓦时。
推测：微波炉上没有时间不会导致人用更多的微波炉；微波炉上有没有时间不会影响人买另一个闹钟
选项分析：D

4.        50s
P: 据称，一些航空公司将某些航线的票价降低到他们亏损的水平，以驱使竞争对手离开那些航线。
C：但是，从长远来看，这种消除竞争的方法无法盈利。
P: 航空公司成功实施此方法后，任何试图通过在较长时间内收取高额票价来弥补先前损失的尝试，只会为竞争对手提供降低航空公司票价的更好机会。
推测：降低票价也会吸引乘客购买该公司其他的正常票价的航班从而带来收益，航空公司不需要调回票价
选项分析：B

5.        34s
P: 当使飞机停止维修时，通常也会对其进行重新粉刷，并且在重新粉刷期间，飞机上无法进行其他维护工作。
P: 为了减少维护时间，航空公司官员正在考虑使用新的无毒塑料薄膜代替油漆。
P: 涂膜的时间与涂料的涂膜时间一样长，但是可以同时执行许多其他维护任务。
推测：使用plastic film维修的时间不会更长
选项分析：B

May97

EADEB

zixuan1017

感谢分享！               

jolenewjy

33’’
B: airplane need this device to guide airplane landing
P: recently, there is one accident where the plane is off course due to one passenger using laptop
C: navigation system is at higher risk due to the use of electronic devices.  
Predict: there are other reason why it accident, passenger will not be allowed to use the devices.
Choice:E
13.  16’’
P: eruption caused haze in the summer
C: eruption will make atmosphere colder than it would be.
Prediction: there is special environment changes happened along with or before that.
Choice: C
14. 22’’
P: microwave have built in clock still use electricity when not in use
C: microwave does not have built in clock use less power than ones that have built clock.
Prediction: the power both type of microwave use when in use is the same.
Choice: D
15. 28’’
B: airlines reduced ticket price to beat competitors to a level they loss money
P: Once airline try to recope money from other routes, competitor airlines could offer lower price.
C: airlines will not be profitably in the long run adopting this price reduction method.
Prediction: there will be loyal customer and other ways to recope money not soly on the ticket.
Choice: B
16. 26’’
B: when airplane is taken out of service, airplane need to be repaint and no other work can be done at the same time
P: The file stays as long as paint does and other task can be at the same time.
C: officials should use this film instead of paint.
Prediction: Other benefit of the film than paint.
Choice: B

gmatkenny

UlysessHope 发表于 2011-12-10 10:49
逻辑链答案：CDBB 精练解析：The conclusion of the argument is based on the causal assumption thatelec ...

                         不错！

cyndichiang

精炼：49‘’
premise:  one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course when a passenger turned on a laptop computer
conclusion: modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board
Q: LEAST strengthen
prephrase: 果推因at the same time ,this plane is undergoing other thing that may lead to the sudden change in direction
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.----strengthen; this statement identifies that when computer turns on ,the plane would veer off
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.-----strengthen; this statement shows that the electronic devices do emit radiation
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.-----strengthen; 无因无果
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.-----this statement shows that eletromagnetic radiation does influence navigation system
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.-----correct ; other factors happened at the same time thus weaken this factor's influence分析错了；portable electronic devices 不是另外一个东西吗？不过仔细看了，确实是无关的，因为没有说这种portable electronic devices was applied to this plane.


逻辑链
1.23‘’
premise: the eruption of the Laki Volcano caused the an unusually severe winter
conclusion: major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler
Q:Weaken
prephrase: individual case cannot represent the general condition
may be the case in 1984 is a special one

2.39''
premise:built-in clocks will each consume 45 kilowatt/year when they are not in use
conclusion: on average,microwave oven with no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt/year less than do comparable microwave with built-in clock
Q: Assumption
prephrase: 没有gap,很可能是削弱取非
people will not more frequently use microwave oven with no built-in clock than with built-in

3. 47‘’
premise: airplane firm reduce the price in order to drive competitors off
premise:recouping the earlier losses by charging high fares would lead competitors to undercut the fares(side-effect)
conclusion: this method cannot be profitable in a long run
Q: weaken
prephrase:  证明方案可行competitors will not undercut the fare?
                side-effect is not existed since they will not charge high fares in a long term

4. 19''
premise: when a new nontoxic plastic film is applied when an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
conclusion:it can help reduce maintenance time
Q: support
prephrase: other things about nontoxic plastic will not cost more time

tkl

　12
　59’
　Modern is easier  to be influenced than the old ones, proved by an accident as a result of using computer
　
　Background: Modern navigation systems, which are found in mostof today’s commercial aircraft, are made withlow-power circuitry, which is more susceptible tointerference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found inolder planes. During landing, navigation systemsreceive radio signals from the airport to guide theplane to the runway.
　
Premise:Recently, one plane withlow-power circuitry veered off course during landing,its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on alaptop computer.

Conclusion :Clearly, modern aircraft navigationsystems are being put at risk by the electronicdevices that passengers carry on board, such ascassette players and laptop computers.

Prephrase: veer off course when someone used a computer--electronic devices make the modern system risk

Least strengthen: （other factors that can lead to the veer off or unrelated)
A when the supposed cause was eliminate, the problem was solved
That means it is the very supposed cause that lead to the problem.--strengthen
B add information that make sure this suppose cause-effect corse happen (computer interfered navigate system )---strengthen
C remove other related factors that would interfere the course--strengthen
D add information ---strengthen
E_-----无关选项---correct

1345’
An compelling severe winter occurred as a result of volcano eruption ----eruption make the atmosphere cooler than it would be otherwise
Weaken ： un usually severe winter did not occurred once th continent was blanketed either.
Background：
Premise : An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984. Conclusion :Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.2’
A --unrelated
B it talked about the relation between eruption and severity of rainy season ,while the core in this question is about the relation between eruption and the temperature -unrelated
C another example that eruption cause the higher temperature ---weaken--correct
D unrelated
E it talked about sea surface temperature while in this question we talk about the air temperature--unrelated

14
1’
The microwave with clock will use electricity 45 kilowatt-hours a year when even is not put into use . While microwave without clock use no electricity when not in use.-----the former will use 45 kilowatt-hours a year more on average than the latter
Background:Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.
Premise： The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.
Conclusion：Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.

Prephrase: When not in use , microwave use no electricity , clock use 45 electricity--the microwave with clock will cost 45 more than those without clock on average

D 2’
A the question talk about the housewives who have a microwave with a clock and the housewives who have a microwave without a clock .and it did compare the housewives with a microwave and the housewives without a microwave-----unrelated
B the question compared the quantity of energy cost by the microwave rather the cost of microwave ---unrelated
C it did not talk about the kind of oven ---unrelated
D assumption ---correct
E weaken the conclusion .

15
1’27
Airline want to lower fares at a cost of losing money to eliminate competitors, but they will fail in the long run  , cause when this method succeeds at first ,competitor will enter again during the time they ask higher fares to recoup the earlier lost.
Weaken
Potential answer: the airline is a industry that can exit easily but difficult to enter.

background:Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.
Premise: Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Conclusion:However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.
B/

A the question talk about the result of reducing fares rather the legality of lowing the fares.-----unrelated
B remove the premise----correct
C the level of reducing fares is not discussed in this argument --unrelated
D whether other airlines would size of their operation is not discussed---unrelated
E this question talk about the relation between the fare reduction and the competitors rather the relation between the fare reduction and the quantity of passengers.


16
37’
The old plane can not be fixed while painting , the film that take painting’s place can make the maintenance available and the cost the same time with painting.so the film may help reduce maintenance time
Strengthen:
The film will not make it harder to fix


Background:When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane.
Conclusion :In order to reduce maintenance time,
Premise: airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.

B
A the order in this argument is reduce maintenance time, it has nothing to do with color----unrelated
B it compared the time of removing paint and film, indirectly add information that the time will be saved by using film----correct
C it set a higher bars using film----weaken
D metal exteriors are not discussed , it may intend to imply us that the plastic did not require the same condition , but since it did not express it out , it can count as a information  that can be considered---unrelated
E unrelated

苏错

11.23
[精练]
background：low-power circuitury of modern systems is more susceptible than the vacuum-tube in order planes.
permise:a plane veered off because a passenger turned on a computer.
conclusion； modern systems are being put at risk by the new devices

least strengthen= irrelevant or weakn(other possbile reasons for the veering off)

A.strengthen could possible lead to
B.strengthen data
C.irrelevant (相关 证明原因不在了，则结果也不会发生)
D.strengthen
E.correct no effect

[逻辑链]
1.eruption——a blue haze ——severe winter occurred  so, eruption--atmosphere become cooler
weaken 实事证明逻辑链中间断掉 C

2.microwave ovens use electricity when they are not in use.  45 kilowatt
so, has no clock < has a clock
assumption: 无其他影响因素导致结果不同
D

3.method not profitable. recoup the loss  -give the competitors a opportunity to undercut fares.
weaken this result cannot happen or lead to another worse result.
B

4.to reduce maintenance time  use a plastic film.
方法可行：B