【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-8】

bananazoo

今天的练习来了~
大家快乐的做题吧~
【精练】
1.People who have specialized knowledge about a
scientific or technical issue are systematically
excluded from juries for trials where the issue is
relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of
settling disputes involving such issues.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
Weaken Question Problem Set  NO.9
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.

【逻辑链】
29.
To reduce the danger to life and property posed by major earthquakes, scientists have been investigating several techniques for giving advance warning of dangerous earthquakes.  Since catfish swim erratically before earthquakes, some investigators have proposed monitoring catfish to predict dangerous earthquakes.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the usefulness of the proposal?
(A) In Japan, which is subject to frequent earthquakes, the behavior of catfish has long been associated with earthquakes.
(B) Mechanical methods for detecting earthquakes have not proved effective.
(C) Tremors lead to the release of hydrogen sulfide gas into water, thereby causing various fish and shellfish to behave erratically.
(D) Careful construction can reduce the dangers posed by earthquakes.
(E) Even very slight, fleeting tremors cause catfish to swim erratically.

30.
A city plans to attract new citizens with new housing and new facilities such as parks, recreation centers, and libraries.  One component of the city's plan is to require that developers seeking permission to build this new housing provide these additional facilities at no cost to the city.
Which of the following, if true, would point to a possible flaw in the city's plan?
(A) Developers would pass along their costs to the buyer, thereby raising the cost of housing units beyond the ability of likely purchasers to afford them.
(B) Light, nonpolluting industries have located in the area, offering more jobs and better-paying jobs than do the more-established industries in the area.
(C) Other towns and cities nearby have yet to embark on any comparable plans to attract new citizens.
(D) Most developers see the extra expense of providing municipal facilities as simply one of the many costs of doing business.
(E) Studies show that purchasers of new houses, especially first-time buyers, rank recreational resources as an important factor in deciding to buy a particular house.

31.
Manufacturers issue cents-off coupons to get consumers to try their brand of product with the hope that the consumers who try their brand will switch their brand loyalty.  So in the initial marketing of their new brand X, Hartman Industries should issue cents-off coupons, thereby attracting a large segment of potential consumers as loyal customers.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the likelihood that the marketing strategy recommended above will have the result that is claimed?
(A) Many consumers are unlikely to try new brands of products unless offered an inducement to do so.
(B) The consumers whose purchases are strongly influenced by cents-off coupons tend not to become loyal customers of any particular brand.
(C) Many grocery stores attract customers by doubling the face value of manufacturer's coupons.
(D) Typically less than one-third of the coupons issued by a manufacturer are redeemed by consumers.
(E) A marketing campaign that uses cents-off coupons is most effective when combined with a television advertising campaign.

32.
State spokesperson:  Many businesspeople who have not been to our state believe that we have an inadequate road system.  Those people are mistaken, as is obvious from the fact that in each of the past six years, our state has spent more money per mile on road improvements than any other state.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the reasoning in the spokesperson's argument?
(A) In the spokesperson's state, spending on road improvements has been increasing more slowly over the past six years than it has in several other states.
(B) Adequacy of a state's road system is generally less important to a businessperson considering doing business there than is the availability of qualified employees.
(C) Over the past six years, numerous businesses have left the spokesperson's state, but about as many businesses have moved into the state.
(D) In general, the number of miles of road in a state's road system depends on both the area and the population of the state.
(E) Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to spend large amounts of money on road improvements.

Lincy123

P：涉及到科学技术问题时专业的人能逃脱陪审团的判决

一下子没看懂句子：当涉及技术问题的审判时，有专业背景的人会被排除在外

C：陪审团在涉及这类问题时不是一个公平的方法

A） 问题越复杂，非专业评审越难理解。 增强

B） 陪审越了解科技，就会在审判之前对某一方越有偏见。增强

因为有知识会产生偏见，所以没有知识才更公平。Correct

C） 选用公平的仲裁不是公平手段，因为仲裁倾向于双方妥协的结果。Correct

Arbitrator不好跟jury无关

D）科技专家会通过讨论错误的可能性来规避结论。增强

E） 专家收费太高，一般人要不起。无关

P：catfish在地震前swim erratically

C：用catfish预测地震

Weaken：catfish在其他因素下也会swim erratically

A） 日本catfish的行为一直都和地震相关。增强

B） 机器预测无效。 增强

C） Hydrogen sulfide gas 让catfish swim erratically。 Correct

地震引起的hsg让catfish行为，解释了catfish行为原因，无关

D）小心建设能减少危险。无关

E） 很小的震动都能让catfish se。增强

说明不是地震catfish也会行为奇怪，correct

让获得允许建新房子的开发商提供额外的公共设施

A） 开发商把成本算到业主上，房价很高没人买得起。Correct

B） 工业带来很多工作。无关

C） 其他城市有相同的手段。无关

D）开发商把建造公共设施当作做生意的成本。无关

E） 买房的人把recreational 资源当作第一位。无关

P：发放cents-off优惠券

C：吸引大量潜在顾客变成忠诚顾客

A） 很多消费者如果没有诱因是不会尝试新品牌的。无关

B） 被cents-off优惠券吸引的消费者不会变成任何一个品牌的忠诚顾客。Correct

C） 杂货店用双倍面额优惠券吸引顾客。无关

D）小于三分之一的优惠券被消费者redeemed。无关

E） Cents-off优惠券的营销活动搭配电视广告的时候效果最好。无关

P：过去六年每一年在平均每一公里的道路改善费用都超过其他州

C：没来过我们州的商人认为我们的道路系统不足是错的

Weaken：修理费用多可能是因为路差

A） 每一年修缮费用比上一年减少。无关

B） 商人做生意的考量因素。无关

C） 商人迁入迁出。无关

D）道路的长短与州面积和人口有关。 无关

E） 只有路不好才要花钱修路。Correct

云栈

1．        20s
P: 有科学或者科技知识的人将被系统排除于该问题有关的陪审团外
C：所以trial by jury不是解决相关问题的公平手段
推测：有科学知识背景的人会给陪审团带来不公平因素
选项推测：B
A：越复杂的案件越需要相关专业知识解释，不代表有相关知识的人要参与陪审团，而且相关知识不一定是科学或者科技知识
B：juror知道科学知识会有偏见，所以要把有科学知识背景的人排除
C：只说了仲裁人没说陪审团
D: 无关没说是支持还是反对
E：无关
【这道题推测的时候方向是对的，看答案的时候不知道为什么想反了】

2.21s
P：为了降低地震对生命和财产造成的影响，科学家在调查一些科学方法提前预警地震
P: Catfish在地震来之前会游的很快
C：一些科学家建议用catfish作为预警
推测：catfish只在地震来之前的很短的时间游的很快，不会给人足够时间预防；catfish在其他情况下也会游的很快。
选项分析：E

3．38s
P: 一个城市计划通过新的住房，新的设施例如公园，娱乐场所，图书馆来吸引新的居民。
P: 城市计划的一部分是需要开发商获得许可来建新的住房免费提供这些额外的设施。
推测：对于开发商来说卖房子赚的钱不够建额外设施；开发商把设施的钱加到住房中，房价高，很多人买不起。
选项分析：A

4．41s
P: 工厂给客人发coupon来吸引他们尝试自己的产品，从而让那些顾客对品牌忠诚
C：X是H工厂的主要市场，他们应该发一些coupon，从而吸引大批的潜力客户，变成忠诚客户
推测：发coupon作用不大，或者会带来弊端
选项分析：B

5.        22s
P: 很多没来过我们城市的人觉得我们城市的公路系统不完善。
P: 这个观点是错误的，在过去6年我们州在每英里的公路提升上花的钱比别的州要多
推测：花的钱多但是还是不完善;只有不完善的州才需要花很多钱
选项分析：E

喜皮

2.——>34s
A) In Japan, which is subject to frequent earthquakes, the behavior of catfish has long been associated with earthquakes.
(B) Mechanical methods for detecting earthquakes have not proved effective.
(C) Tremors lead to the release of hydrogen sulfide gas into water, thereby causing various fish and shellfish to behave erratically.
(D) Careful construction can reduce the dangers posed by earthquakes.
(E) Even very slight, fleeting tremors cause catfish to swim erratically.
E

3.——>45s
A) Developers would pass along their costs to the buyer, thereby raising the cost of housing units beyond the ability of likely purchasers to afford them.
(B) Light, nonpolluting industries have located in the area, offering more jobs and better-paying jobs than do the more-established industries in the area.
(C) Other towns and cities nearby have yet to embark on any comparable plans to attract new citizens.
(D) Most developers see the extra expense of providing municipal facilities as simply one of the many costs of doing business.
(E) Studies show that purchasers of new houses, especially first-time buyers, rank recreational resources as an important factor in deciding to buy a particular house.
A

4.——>45s
A) Many consumers are unlikely to try new brands of products unless offered an inducement to do so.
(B) The consumers whose purchases are strongly influenced by cents-off coupons tend not to become loyal customers of any particular brand.
(C) Many grocery stores attract customers by doubling the face value of manufacturer's coupons.
(D) Typically less than one-third of the coupons issued by a manufacturer are redeemed by consumers.
(E) A marketing campaign that uses cents-off coupons is most effective when combined with a television advertising campaign.
B

5.——>32s
A) In the spokesperson's state, spending on road improvements has been increasing more slowly over the past six years than it has in several other states.
(B) Adequacy of a state's road system is generally less important to a businessperson considering doing business there than is the availability of qualified employees.
(C) Over the past six years, numerous businesses have left the spokesperson's state, but about as many businesses have moved into the state.
(D) In general, the number of miles of road in a state's road system depends on both the area and the population of the state.
(E) Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to spend large amounts of money on road improvements.
E

喜皮

1.—>28s
Premise:people who have technique knowledge are not likely to involve in the trails of jury
Conclusion:thus, trails of jury is not a fair solution to solve the conflicts in this field.
Pre-phrase:[causation error]weaken—>trails of jury is a fair solution/is an accident/another reason why the specific people don’t like involving the trails.

A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.
——>opposite+irrelevant
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins.
——>kept for the first round.the test don’t mention “the more...the more”
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.
——>irrelevant
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error.
——>partial support
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.
——>kept for the first round.right
OA:B
忘了结论是【fair solution】，像DE都在讨论别的角度为什么不能让科学家当陪审员。
纠结B的原因是因为B有个程度的递进，感觉像是错的，被打脸了。除此之外，在方向对了，是【他因】也就是不是这个制度“不公平”而是这群人“不公平”

echo-LUO

【精练】

premise：People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant.
conclusion：Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.

猜想：不能加入陪审团是因为其他原因，而并非not fair
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often command fees that are so high that many people involved in litigation cannot afford their services.
选项：E 因为太贵了...
正确选项：(B) The more a juror knows about a particular scientific or technical issue involved in a trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating parties before the trial begins. 陪审员了解的细节越多，越容易产生偏见
分析原因：expert witnesses和juror无关

【逻辑链】
29. WEAKEN

scientists have been investigaing the way to give advance warning of dangerous earthquakes, and they found the behavior of catfish change before earthquakes. so some investigators proposed catfish can predict dangerous earthquakes.
猜想：可能不仅仅在地震前会
(E) Even very slight, fleeting tremors cause catfish to swim erratically.
选项：E 一点点的震动就会有异动，不能准确预测dangerous earthquakes

30.

the city want to attract new cirizens, thus requiring developers build new houses without cost to the city.
猜想：developers成本提高，使得价格抬高，没人买
(A) Developers would pass along their costs to the buyer, thereby raising the cost of housing units beyond the ability of likely purchasers to afford them.
选项：A 和猜想一致

31.

cents0off coupons is used by manufacturers to get consumers switch to their brand loyaltly, thus the new brand X should use cents-off coupons.
猜想：1. 不一定能吸引；2. 吸引了不一定能留住
(B) The consumers whose purchases are strongly influenced by cents-off coupons tend not to become loyal customers of any particular brand.
选项：B 能够被cent-off coupons吸引的顾客不会是忠诚的顾客

32.
State spokesperson:  Many businesspeople who have not been to our state believe that we have an inadequate road system.  Those people are mistaken, as is obvious from the fact that in each of the past six years, our state has spent more money per mile on road improvements than any other state.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the reasoning in the spokesperson's argument?
because more monry has been spent on improving road system--->the city has an inadequate road system
猜想：以前太差，投的钱多也没改善完
(E) Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to spend large amounts of money on road improvements.
选项：E 因为不好所以才要投钱改善

May97

T: 21s
P：People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant.
C：Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
Weaken：这些有specialized knowledge的人可能会因为其他因素在评判时造成不公平
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated, the less likely it is that a juror without specialized knowledge of the field involved will be able to comprehend the testimony being given.--->support
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular scientific or technical issue involved in a trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating parties before the trial begins.--->correct
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair means of settling disputes involving scientific or technical issues, because arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which both parties compromise on the issues.--->irreverent
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or technical issues tend to hedge their conclusions by discussing the possibility of error.--->irreverent
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often command fees that are so high that many people involved in litigation cannot afford their services.

T: 21s
P: To reduce the danger to life and property posed by major earthquakes, scientists have been investigating several techniques for giving advance warning of dangerous earthquakes.  
C: Since catfish swim erratically before earthquakes, some investigators have proposed monitoring catfish to predict dangerous earthquakes.
Weaken: catfish swim erratically 不是地震发生前的典型特征
(A) In Japan, which is subject to frequent earthquakes, the behavior of catfish has long been associated with earthquakes.--->support
(B) Mechanical methods for detecting earthquakes have not proved effective.--->irreverent
(C) Tremors lead to the release of hydrogen sulfide gas into water, thereby causing various fish and shellfish to behave erratically.--->irreverent
(D) Careful construction can reduce the dangers posed by earthquakes.--->irreverent
(E) Even very slight, fleeting tremors cause catfish to swim erratically.--->correct

T: 25s
C: A city plans to attract new citizens with new housing and new facilities such as parks, recreation centers, and libraries.  
P: One component of the city's plan is to require that developers seeking permission to build this new housing provide these additional facilities at no cost to the city.
Flaw: 如果developers需要作出这样的承诺，他们可能不愿意在这座城市建房子
(A) Developers would pass along their costs to the buyer, thereby raising the cost of housing units beyond the ability of likely purchasers to afford them.--->correct
(B) Light, nonpolluting industries have located in the area, offering more jobs and better-paying jobs than do the more-established industries in the area.--->irreverent
(C) Other towns and cities nearby have yet to embark on any comparable plans to attract new citizens.--->irreverent
(D) Most developers see the extra expense of providing municipal facilities as simply one of the many costs of doing business.--->support
(E) Studies show that purchasers of new houses, especially first-time buyers, rank recreational resources as an important factor in deciding to buy a particular house.--->support

T: 26s
P:: Manufacturers issue cents-off coupons to get consumers to try their brand of product with the hope that the consumers who try their brand will switch their brand loyalty.  
C: So in the initial marketing of their new brand X, Hartman Industries should issue cents-off coupons, thereby attracting a large segment of potential consumers as loyal customers.
Weaken: 1) consumers who try their brand 不一定会成为their brand loyalty 2) 其他品牌也可以用同样的方法吸引顾客
(A) Many consumers are unlikely to try new brands of products unless offered an inducement to do so.--->irreverent
(B) The consumers whose purchases are strongly influenced by cents-off coupons tend not to become loyal customers of any particular brand.--->correct
(C) Many grocery stores attract customers by doubling the face value of manufacturer's coupons.--->irreverent
(D) Typically less than one-third of the coupons issued by a manufacturer are redeemed by consumers.--->irreverent
(E) A marketing campaign that uses cents-off coupons is most effective when combined with a television advertising campaign.--->irreverent

T: 28s
P: State spokesperson:  Many businesspeople who have not been to our state believe that we have an inadequate road system.  
P: as is obvious from the fact that in each of the past six years, our state has spent more money per mile on road improvements than any other state.
C: Those people are mistaken,
Weaken: spent more money per mile on road than any other state可能是因为本来的公里数就比别人少。
(A) In the spokesperson's state, spending on road improvements has been increasing more slowly over the past six years than it has in several other states.--->irreverent
(B) Adequacy of a state's road system is generally less important to a businessperson considering doing business there than is the availability of qualified employees.--->irreverent
(C) Over the past six years, numerous businesses have left the spokesperson's state, but about as many businesses have moved into the state.--->irreverent
(D) In general, the number of miles of road in a state's road system depends on both the area and the population of the state.--->irreverent
(E) Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to spend large amounts of money on road improvements.--->correct

宋痂岛__

D
E
A
B
E
精炼错了 会认真看的。

弦了个弦

精炼 People who have specialized knowledge about a
scientific or technical issue are systematically
excluded from juries for trials where the issue is
relevant.  C:Trial by jury is not a fair means of
settling disputes involving such issues.
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given.  越复杂，越需要专家——unfair——strengthen
正确(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins. 专家会有偏见，排除专家——排除有偏见的人——more fair—— weaken  CQ2 排除干扰因素
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues. irrelevant

hedyail

错1对4，感觉今天的题目挺简单的，都是weaken，错的那题因为词汇理解不当错了，加强单词量摄入

精炼
WEAKEN
看题 20s
PREMISE:people knows specifically technical issue are excluded from juries for trials
CON:trail by jury is not fair to settle disputes relating to these issues
GUESS:These people can only be exclued under rare circumstance
C  b

答案参考：
【精练】
1.People who have specialized knowledge about a
scientific or technical issue are systematically
excluded from juries for trials where the issue is
relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of
settling disputes involving such issues.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument?
Weaken Question Problem Set  NO.9
(A) The more complicated the issue being litigated,
the less likely it is that a juror without
specialized knowledge of the field involved
will be able to comprehend the testimony
being given. - not related to juror
(B) The more a juror knows about a particular
scientific or technical issue involved in a
trial, the more likely it is that the juror will be
prejudiced in favor of one of the litigating
parties before the trial begins. - not related to juror
(C) Appointing an impartial arbitrator is not a fair
means of settling disputes involving
scientific or technical issues, because
arbitrators tend to favor settlements in which
both parties compromise on the issues.
(D) Experts who give testimony on scientific or
technical issues tend to hedge their
conclusions by discussing the possibility of
error. -think twice doesn't mean it is fair
(E) Expert witnesses in specialized fields often
command fees that are so high that many
people involved in litigation cannot afford
their services.  - not realted

逻辑链
2.21S WEAKEN
BG: People investigate way to advance warn earthquake.
PRE: Catfish swim erratically before earquake, it has a sign
CON: catfish can be used to monitor earthquake status.
E

3.20S WEAKEN
BG: City plans to build new facilities to attract new citizens. They plan there is no extra cost to the city.
A

4.28S WEAKEN
PRE: factories issue coupons to attract new customers then gain loyalty
CON: The brand X should try this method
B

5.18S WEAKEN
BG: people think the state has not enough road system
PRE: The state has spent a lot in the past 6 years
CON：Their thinking is wrong
E