【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑2-14】

daisyの小夢想

糊糊可能不知道阅读和逻辑更新顺序同步了 哈哈 daisy替糊糊更新一下~~~~ 糊糊经历了考试风波后先好好休息休息^^


1. Two paleontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion?
--LSAT4 NO.8
(A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals.
(B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe.
(C) Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous.
(D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased.
(E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animals with hooves.
Key: B

2. Auto industry executive: Statistics show that cars that were built smaller after 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency.
Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest objection to the executive's argument?
--LSAT4 NO.10
(A) Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or serious injury.
(B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of accidents has decreased.
(C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines.
(D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in their production history.
(E) Fuel efficiency in models of large cars rose immediately after 1977 but has been declining ever since.
Key: C

3. No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject. Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned trough apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all.
A major weakness of the argument is that it
--LSAT4 NO.11
(A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment
(B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired
(C) uses the term "apprenticeship" to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship
(D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies
(E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians
Key: E

4 Impact craters caused by meteorites smashing into Earth have been found all around the globe, but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions. This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of destructive geophysical processes in those regions.
The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?
--LSAT4 NO.12
(A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will obliterate all traces of the earlier impact.
(B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout geological time.
(C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically recent times.
(D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earth's surface in the course of Earth's geological history.
(E) The Earth's geologically stable regions have been studied more intensively by geologists than have its less stable regions.
Key: D

5.
The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of research and development at Ready-to-Ware, a
software engineering firm:
“The package of benefits and incentives that Ready-to-Ware offers to professional staff is too costly. Our quarterly
profits have declined since the package was introduced two years ago, at the time of our incorporation. Moreover, the
package had little positive effect, as we have had only marginal success in recruiting and training high-quality
professional staff. To become more profitable again, Ready-to-Ware should, therefore, offer the reduced benefits
package that was in place two years ago and use the savings to fund our current research and development
initiatives.”

Monica2020

第三题貌似答案给错？prep上的答案是D
我把解释贴一下：
We're told that "no one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject," and that political know-how is something learned through apprenticeship and experience. From these premises, the argument concludes that only seasoned politicians are competent to judge the fairness of political policies.

But wait! Is "political know-how" the same thing as knowledge of whatever subject a particular policy pertains to? Couldn't you have knowledge that's relevant to a policy without having political know-how?

Answer (D) is correct because it addresses this gap: the argument wrongly equates political know-how with knowledge of a subject.

Monica2020

1.0:40；1:35
T: footprints are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics
R: footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner
weaken Dr.t: there are other animals's footprints show human characteristics.
C
2. 0:34;1:33
smaller cars which are more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts.
conclusion: we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency.
objection: bigger cars now can be fuel-efficient
(C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines.

3.0:47: 1：46 这题完全不懂啊.......
premise: political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned trough apprenticeship and experience,
conclusion: only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all.
weakness: inappropriate relation???
(D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies

4.0:34;1:40
premise:craters have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions.
conclusion: must be explained by the lower rates of destructive geophysical processes in those regions.
assumption:
(D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earth's surface in the course of Earth's geological history.
第四题严重超时.....

Yvette19

1. 看了好久。。。文字一多就慢。。
两个古生物学家在就某古生物的足印解读上产生分歧。
一个认为，因为趾头结构类似类人猿，所以它应该是某种灵长动物。
另一个认为不是的，如果是灵长动物的话，它应该是交叉走路的。

Weaken第二个：足印确实是交叉的。。。。？额我看错题了 weaken第一个。。。
==+ 答案太玄妙了，这个形象思维。。。

2. 27s switch to English..
BG: Since 1977 automobile manufacturer are required to produce smaller cars then before in order to make them fuel-efficient.
PM: But smaller cars have higher fatalities
CC: Therefore we should not produce fuel-efficient cars.

Weaken: It it possible to produce large car with low fatalities but still fuel-efficient.

3. 45s
BG：No one lack of knowledge in a subject can pass judgement.
PM: In political subject it relies on apprenticeship and experience, not on technical rules.
CC: Only seasoned politicians are competent to pass judgement.

Flaw: Assuming the young politicians have to rely on the experienced politicians.

4. 1min
BG：陨石撞击地球会形成陨石坑，全球都有出现，但是这种陨石坑密集的地方出现在地质比较稳定的地区。
CC：是由于地球本身的地质物理运动较少，地质较稳定，被破坏的坑坑就少。

Assumption: 这种陨石坑不会由于其他外因被毁灭痕迹、D

5.“The package of benefits and incentives that Ready-to-Ware offers to professional staff is too costly. Our quarterly
profits have declined since the package was introduced two years ago, at the time of our incorporation. Moreover, the
package had little positive effect, as we have had only marginal success in recruiting and training high-quality
professional staff. To become more profitable again, Ready-to-Ware should, therefore, offer the reduced benefits
package that was in place two years ago and use the savings to fund our current research and development
initiatives.”
1) It is possible that the cost of the package two years ago is not or not the only reason of quarterly profits decline. There can be other factors that lead to the reduction of profits.
2) It is false to conclude the package has little possitive effect, simply from the short-term marginal success. The success of training professionals usually cannot be shown directly after the incentives.
3) Reducing the package might make things worse since staff find no reasons to stay here doing R&D when they cannot even earn the amount they had before.

lovecq77

9-10
1. 50s
Two paleontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion?
--LSAT4 NO.8

Squarish 方形的
Infor: two experts have different opinions about footprint.
T: it shows some characteristic about human, such as heel and toe.
R: I disagree. It shows a cross-stepping manner.

Weak T: some other animals also have such characteristics.

(A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals.
(B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe.
(C) Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous.
(D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased.
(E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animals with hooves.

这题完全不理解,我觉得应该选D阿，B说，except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe.这个应该是在特征上看的出来的啊，不理解~~

Bat 给我讲讲？

2. 20s
2. Auto industry executive: Statistics show that cars that were built smaller after 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency.
Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest objection to the executive's argument?
--LSAT4 NO.10

Executive: the cars that are more fuel-efficient have higher accident rates
Conclusion: we should not follow the new rules that require us produce fuel-efficient cars.

Weaken: the cars made after 1977 have other problems
(A) Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or serious injury.
(B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of accidents has decreased.
(C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines.
(D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in their production history.
(E) Fuel efficiency in models of large cars rose immediately after 1977 but has been declining ever since.
Key: C involved with other things.

3. 45s
No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject. Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned trough apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all.
A major weakness of the argument is that it
--LSAT4 NO.11

Competent 能够胜任的
Infor: Someone wants to pass judge exam must have knowledge.
Conclusion: old politicians have experience to judge a law is fair or not.

Weaken: experience cannot help to judge a law.

(A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment
(B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired
(C) uses the term "apprenticeship" to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship
(D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies
(E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians
Key: E

4. 25s
Impact craters caused by meteorites smashing into Earth have been found all around the globe, but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions. This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of destructive geophysical processes in those regions.
The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?
--LSAT4 NO.12

Premise: the most great density of caters in the stable place.
Conclusion: that is because there is no destructive process.

Assumption: the destructive process can ruin the caters.

(A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will obliterate all traces of the earlier impact.
(B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout geological time.
(C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically recent times.
(D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earth's surface in the course of Earth's geological history.
(E) The Earth's geologically stable regions have been studied more intensively by geologists than have its less stable regions.
Key: d support the premise

-- by 会员 纳丁Cat (2011/9/10 21:37:07)

小讨论一下nading 的第3题解释。
这个题，weaken 不在于经验能否帮助制定法律。 我觉得这个题是在问结论的弱点在哪。相当于一个总结。 E指出，the author provides a fallacious assumption that ...(E选项)

UlysessHope

1、

52s

Conclusion: T and R disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints.

Premise: T claims certain footprints are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics.

Premise: R rejects T's conclusion since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner.



错选C鸟~在gmatclub上搜了个解析贴上吧



Dr. Tyson thinks that the evidence shows the footprints belong to early hominids due to the shape of the footprints, while Dr. Rees believes they can't belong to early hominids because of the walking pattern. Sounds like they're disagreeing over interpretations of different aspects of the evidence.

(A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals.

This would strengthen Dr. Tyson's conclusion by weakening Dr. Rees's, because it would open the possibility of the strange pattern of footprints being caused by two people walking in a particular fashion, causing the overlap of footprints
(B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe.

This would explain the "cross-stepping pattern" - because the bear's feet look the same as a human's, except they're essentially reversed. So the footprint from the left foot would look like the right foot, and vice versa. This strengthen's Dr. Rees's position, by giving a reason to believe the footprints might belong to the bear, and thereby weakens Dr. Tyson's conclusion.
(C) Footprints shaped like a human’s that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous. Strengthen's Dr. Tyson's argument by showing that the cross-stepping pattern might be an anomaly
(D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased.

This doesn't really affect either argument, since both conclusions are being made from the same set of prints.
(E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animals with hooves.

Totally irrelevant.

可我还是不明白为毛C不对啊？在M处发现的脚印not show a cross-stepping pattern，不正是加强了R的观点，从而削弱了T么？
求解啊求解~~~~~~~~~~~

2
32s.
Premise: to be more fuel-efficient→smaller cars → had a higher incidence
Conclusion: oppose to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency.
Weaken: C. New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines.


(A) 没说小汽车更易had a higher incidence
(B) 加强，事故率减小，死亡率上升，小汽车更不安全
(C) 大汽车也可以省油→不需要是小汽车→没有高的事故死亡率，削弱
(D) 无关
(E) 无关


3.
42s
Premise: No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject.
Premise: Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned trough apprenticeship and experience
Conclusion：only seasoned（经验丰富的） politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all.

推理缺陷: 搜了下，貌似是D？equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies.

把 political know-how和judge whether a particular political policy is fair 联系起来

(E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians

总觉得inexperienced politicians跟推理无关，求解


4

。。。。。s
Impact craters（陨石坑） caused by meteorites smashing（猛冲） into Earth have been found all around the globe, but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions. This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of destructive geophysical processes in those regions.

Premise：Impact craters（陨石坑）have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions.

Conclusion：This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of destructive geophysical processes in those regions.

错选了B，又仔细分析了一下

(A) 无关
(B) 不稳定 削弱
(C) 无关
(D) 取非 不均匀分布 削弱---所以原答案 加强
(E) 削弱

daisyの小夢想

大概有点明白了，就是原文说，通过了实习和经验，就能判断政策，那么这个里面有一个假设就是，经验和实习是由帮助的。

所以，它的错误就是 假设了 他们在没有经验时，能够收到由经验的人的指点，是对他们有帮助的。

但这只是个假设，如果这个假设不成立，原文就不成立。所以这个也就是weakness了。

对么？

-- by 会员 纳丁Cat (2011/9/11 18:26:33)

      嗯嗯 我也是这样想的   weaken可以weaken结论也可以weaken前提。

纳丁Cat

No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject. Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned trough apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all.
A major weakness of the argument is that it
--LSAT4 NO.11
(A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment
(B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired
(C) uses the term "apprenticeship" to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship
(D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies
(E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians
Key: E
政治知识要通过实习和经验积累才能得到。所以只有有经验的政客才能判断政策是否公平。

B. how political know-how can be acquired 题干已经说明了政治知识要通过实习和经验才能获得 这是肯定正确的说法 所以不用要specific examples来说明啊。
E. 说出了关于apprenticeship的assumption。

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/9/11 16:51:13)

assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians
这个argument的一个错误是，假设了当一个没有经验的政客 指定政策时，他们被有经验的政客的建议 指导。

说假设了什么，但是文中没有说什么制定政策的事啊。。。

Daisy。。再点拨下啊

-- by 会员 纳丁Cat (2011/9/11 17:49:46)

      探讨探讨 用词不当 哈哈 我是觉得这个assumption是出自 apprenticeship  就是说那些政客通过实习(所以需要有人督导) 获取经验 这就是获取了know-how专业知识，所以才能判断什么是fair的政策。>.< 不知道对不对

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/9/11 17:55:39)

大概有点明白了，就是原文说，通过了实习和经验，就能判断政策，那么这个里面有一个假设就是，经验和实习是由帮助的。

所以，它的错误就是 假设了 他们在没有经验时，能够收到由经验的人的指点，是对他们有帮助的。

但这只是个假设，如果这个假设不成立，原文就不成立。所以这个也就是weakness了。

对么？

daisyの小夢想

看来不需要我咯？~其实我也不是很明白><
我觉得daisy你这些题好难啊T T

-- by 会员 superbat28 (2011/9/11 17:06:30)

TAT 是lsat题 呜 我一个下午就看了这4题逻辑==

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/9/11 17:09:30)

话说，我最近也找到了个网站。。那个网站上的逻辑题也小变态- -。。。弄得我有些崩啊溃~~~

-- by 会员 superbat28 (2011/9/11 17:22:06)

   网址~~  哈哈 那我们的逻辑题又可以有更多新鲜题了^^

daisyの小夢想

No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject. Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned trough apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all.
A major weakness of the argument is that it
--LSAT4 NO.11
(A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment
(B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired
(C) uses the term "apprenticeship" to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship
(D) equates political know-how with understanding the social implications of political policies
(E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians
Key: E
政治知识要通过实习和经验积累才能得到。所以只有有经验的政客才能判断政策是否公平。

B. how political know-how can be acquired 题干已经说明了政治知识要通过实习和经验才能获得 这是肯定正确的说法 所以不用要specific examples来说明啊。
E. 说出了关于apprenticeship的assumption。

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/9/11 16:51:13)

assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians
这个argument的一个错误是，假设了当一个没有经验的政客 指定政策时，他们被有经验的政客的建议 指导。

说假设了什么，但是文中没有说什么制定政策的事啊。。。

Daisy。。再点拨下啊

-- by 会员 纳丁Cat (2011/9/11 17:49:46)

      探讨探讨 用词不当 哈哈 我是觉得这个assumption是出自 apprenticeship  就是说那些政客通过实习(所以需要有人督导) 获取经验 这就是获取了know-how专业知识，所以才能判断什么是fair的政策。>.< 不知道对不对