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本贴相关题目 VQEX TN-11-CR-3

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Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers' report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

正确答案: D

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GWD-TN-11-Q3,T-3-Q3,关于D,E项争议

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发表于 2010-1-23 15:14:35 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |正序浏览 |阅读模式
Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.


Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?



  • Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops from genetically modified seed.

  • Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops.

  • Whether for most farms who grow cotton it is their primary crop

  • Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.

  • Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.




转基因cotton可以防虫




但是转基因contton per acre需要的insecticide只比普通cotton低比较少的一点



转基因种子稍贵+yields也一般水平------>改种转基因cotton不会使农民得到更多经济利益




这道题前人的争论主要集中于B,D,E上,个人觉得B基本可以用无关法简单排除,因为题目争论的中心是用了modified cotton seed和odinary cotton seed的economic benefit问题,B中的other crops显然扯的没边了。




剩下就是D,E,个人觉得应该选D,我的思路是这样的:1)由于yields在两者之间是差不多的,唯一区别是modified seeds costs more 2)于是要比较最终的利益就要从benefits来考虑 3)典型的比较类问题,正确应该同时涉及比较的两者,任何单独涉及一方的选项都应该谨慎(其实模考的时候就是靠这一点选的,因为时间太近,根本没考虑别的)




总的来说,这是一道典型的给出比率,让求总量的问题,namely,

(insecticide saved per acre) ×(acres)=(total benefits)

题目中给出了前者的比较,而D给出了因式中后者的比较,得出total benefits,如果acres相同,benefits就很小,同时加上costs稍高,农民就不会switch,但是如果面积很大,利益就很可观了



再说E,个人觉得E中有个致命的缺陷,即原文强调了一个大前提:the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not.




E中说farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide,

因为大前提已经说了per acre ..only slightly lower了,所以不管农民之前用多大量的的insecticide,都是per acre...only slightly lower,这个条件无限制约着insecticide的用量,所以不管以前用多少,假设acres一定的话,最后的benefits还是很小,因为永远per acre..only slightly lower,




而D就恰好回避了这个问题,选择了从因式的另一项出发







Open to discuss,急切等待DNN指教


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24#
发表于 2017-4-27 16:36:57 | 只看该作者
此题跟2106版的OG中CR第86题及其相似
23#
发表于 2010-8-12 10:16:29 | 只看该作者
补充:这题跟OGCR样题中的69很像,正确答案是“用新种子的农民可能用了不必要那么多的杀虫剂”。



有人认为这题来自OG原题,我开始也这么想,不过后来发现原题说的是用了“不必要多的杀虫剂”,而这题的E说的是they had previously had to use,是“不得不”,所以E的意思跟OG题不在同样的情境下,不能作为equivalent推断。


-- by 会员 阳光小捷子 (2010/8/11 15:25:38)


感觉你理解错误:
如果每亩省的不是1,而是0.00000001, 可以吗?就算你种地重的再多,还有规模效益吗?肯定没有。所以D是无效评估,即样本的多少不影响结论。
E 是说农民是否有误操作,即是不是按原来的剂量来打农药?原来种子很耗农药,改良品种后,可能不要用那么多剂量了,如果农药需要量只是原来的1%,而改良种子的单价与原来相差不大,可能就有更多的 benefit了。所以有没有误操作是一个很好的评估。(另一个评估可能是改良种子的单价与原种子的单价相差程度,我以为)

Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.
22#
发表于 2010-8-11 15:25:38 | 只看该作者
补充:这题跟OGCR样题中的69很像,正确答案是“用新种子的农民可能用了不必要那么多的杀虫剂”。

有人认为这题来自OG原题,我开始也这么想,不过后来发现原题说的是用了“不必要多的杀虫剂”,而这题的E说的是they had previously had to use,是“不得不”,所以E的意思跟OG题不在同样的情境下,不能作为equivalent推断。
21#
发表于 2010-8-10 23:03:26 | 只看该作者
查了各路关于这道争议题的讨论帖,不喜欢没有答案的感觉,于是我又重新仔细看了下自己刚才对E的分析,觉得还不够透彻,不能完全反驳出E的疏漏,证明D的评估价值。于是在我的反复推敲下,终于找到了可以确定D且削弱E的逻辑线~为了能把网上各路牛牛的观点纳入进我的讨论中,大家可能会觉得写得有点小长,不过应该还是看的明白的哈!请XDJM帮忙看看我这样分析是否有理,open to discussion :)




D.Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.

Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.
(我选D:根据题意这里涉及两个成本:杀虫剂&种子,前者与公顷数即种植面积成正比,后者跟种子数量成正比。现在分析D选项:首先,种子上多花的钱要看农民是否多种/少种,来提高/降低种植密度,因为原文没有多提这个概念,为了排除这个变量的干扰,使用控制变量法,设定种子数量和以前一样。

其次,如D若新种和旧种种植面积一样,则总省杀虫剂量因面积一样而不变。结果是增加的换种成本与总省杀虫剂量差不多抵消,没实现多大经济效益,就没有必要换改良种子,赞成了以上结论;

但是如果前后种植面积不一样,比如比以前种的多,见E的例子,那么总省杀虫剂量的钱就远比增加的换种成本多了,可实现规模经济效益,有必要换了。


综上,该问题的答案影响两种不同结果,所以有价值衡量



E.
Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seeddid sobecause they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.

E中提出了农民换种的经济动机,即原种子太耗杀虫剂了,他们希望减少总的杀虫剂使用量来降低种棉成本。由于文中说新种子每公顷杀虫剂省的量很微小,即在每公顷下,他们的相对差不变,那么要判别总杀虫剂省下的多少必须介入种植面积这个量。所以衡量公式简写为:

总省杀虫剂量=原用杀虫剂总量-现用杀虫剂杀总量=每公顷杀虫剂省量*种植面积当总省杀虫剂量大于总种子成本时才有必要换种,否则无利。

Eg. 1原用杀虫剂杀总量=10000,总省杀虫剂量=1000=1*1000

2原用杀虫剂杀总量=10000,总省杀虫剂量=1=1*1单位:吨/公顷

从以上极端的例子可以看出,在忽略文中未知杀虫剂价格是贵是贱,种植面积是否变化等不确定因素的前提下,用E的条件即“原用杀虫剂杀总量很大”建立的两组对比就能看出,到底总的杀虫剂省量是多是少不是看原来杀虫剂总量用的有多少的,而是由种植面积决定的。综上E的推断也证明了D的答案是正确的!
20#
发表于 2010-8-10 14:38:36 | 只看该作者
T-3-Q3.争议题( 参考OG12th CR分类#69)
Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.



Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

(关键看问题的答案变化能否影响决策变化)



A.Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops from genetically modified seed.(无关)

B.Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops.(即OG69题的C项:本题讨论的是改良与为改良棉花的成本比较,与其他作物无关)

C.Whether for most farms who grow cotton it is their primary crop(无关)

D.Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.(我选D:首先这里涉及两个成本:杀虫剂&棉花种子,前者与公顷数即种植面积有关,后者跟种子数量有关。现在分析选项:种子上多花的钱要看农民是否多种/少种来提高/降低种植密度,而为了排除这个变量的干扰,使用控制变量法,设定种子数量和以前一样。那么,如果换种前后的种植面积一样,则杀虫剂省下的钱因面积不变而不变,结果是成本上下差不多抵消,没有多大经济效益,就没有必要换改良种子;但是如果前后种植面积不一样,比如比以前种的多,那么杀虫剂上省下的钱就远比多付种子成本多,可实现经济效益,就有必要换了。综上该问题的答案影响两种不同结果,所以有价值衡量

E.Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seeddid sobecause they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.E中给出的是一个绝对量,而文中说每公顷杀虫剂省的量很微小,所以不管原来用的有多少,在单位公顷下,他们的相对差不变。这个问题的答案变化没有为决策带来更多有效信息,不能判断是否换种)
19#
发表于 2010-6-15 16:12:21 | 只看该作者
这道题目,我做的时候我选了E,不过看了楼上各位牛牛的分析,我又想想了想.. 下面是我的分析.
这道题目讲的是利益的多和少,那么我们知道2种作物总的收益是没多少变化的(原文说了),那么关键就是成本了...
成本和农药有关...既然文中说了单位用量的农药没有多少差别,那么我们就不该纠结在这个因素上.剩下有关的就是种的面积和用的农药的价格区别了(如果农药不同的话....)
E中说的是农药的总量...包含了面积的因素哦...   所以我觉得至少E比D优
那么我们来看
  B.    Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops.  
选项中讲的是ordinary cotton, 后面说的是其他作物,我觉得这个其他应该包括那个基因棉花...否则干吗加ordinary....直接棉花不就好了... (有点细.....   欢迎拍砖...)
所以我觉得似乎b更加有说服力点... 这到题目...出的有点恶心... 我们对于题目当中的程度(面积大小的程度,价格区别的程度,)不是很有个了解...gmac肯定是故意的..  而且E中用的是exceptionally large..这个是预料到能大到中间的差去benefit,还是只是在能接受范围的大...  不过我觉得是后者,毕竟考试时间紧张,第一反应应该就是出题者的意思吧......
第一次写....  欢迎拍...  我也是个小菜...  大家共勉...
18#
发表于 2010-6-5 15:22:08 | 只看该作者
选了D,是不是可以这么考虑:如果采用改良种子,只要种很少的亩数就能有原来同样的产出,那么杀虫剂的成本(insecticide per acre*acres)就会比原来的减少很多,可能会大大超过种子本身成本的增加。
17#
发表于 2010-6-3 23:27:13 | 只看该作者
重读题目,发现还是改选 E
According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests
此处是说insecticide 的金额,即成本基本没变化。E 选项中,如果农民还是按原来一样用这么多份量的杀虫剂,杀虫剂的成本当然没减少,但事实上,有抵抗害虫的庄稼如果不需要这么多份量的杀虫剂呢?如果只需要原来1/10的杀虫剂呢?杀虫剂的成本将明显变少,如果降幅大于种子的成本增幅,就方案可行了
16#
发表于 2010-5-19 12:15:10 | 只看该作者
同意e,感觉d是无效比较,无论亩数怎么变都改变不了the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower的事实
但e不知道我的理解对不对,是说因为以前的习惯,农民投放了大量的农药在新种子上,那么潜台词是说其实不需要这么多。。。如果是这样的话,在og上有一题也是类似话题,选的就是这个意思,即农民使用了超过需要量的农药,所以得出的结论也是不正确的,从而削弱了命题
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