求助：一道prep上的RC题~~

zh06yt01

Essay #10.  247    (22730-!-item-!-188;#058&00247-00)



The Black Death, a severe epidemic that ravaged fourteenth-century Europe, has intrigued scholars ever since Francis Gasquet's 1893 study contending that this epidemic greatly intensified the political and religious upheaval that ended the Middle Ages.  Thirty-six years later, historian George Coulton agreed but, paradoxically, attributed a silver lining to the Black Death:  prosperity engendered by diminished competition for food, shelter, and work led survivors of the epidemic into the Renaissance and subsequent rise of modern Europe.



In the 1930s, however, Evgeny Kosminsky and other Marxist historians claimed the epidemic was merely an ancillary附属的 factor contributing to a general agrarian crisis stemming primarily from the inevitable decay of European feudalism封建制度.  In arguing that this decline of feudalism was economically determined, the Marxist asserted that the Black Death was a relatively insignificant factor.  This became the prevailing view until after the Second World War, when studies of specific regions and towns revealed astonishing mortality rates ascribed to the epidemic, thus restoring the central role of the Black Death in history.



This central role of the Black Death (traditionally attributed to bubonic plague brought from Asia) has been recently challenged from another direction.  Building on bacteriologist John Shrewsbury's speculations about mislabeled epidemics, zoologist Graham Twigg employs urban case studies suggesting that the rat population in Europe was both too sparse and insufficiently migratory to have spread plague.  Moreover, Twigg disputes the traditional trade-ship explanation for plague transmissions by extrapolating from data on the number of dead rats aboard Nile sailing vessels in 1912.  The Black Death, which he conjectures was anthrax instead of bubonic plague, therefore caused far less havoc and fewer deaths than historians typically claim.

Although correctly citing the exacting conditions needed to start or spread bubonic plague, Twigg ignores virtually a century of scholarship contradictory to his findings and employs faulty logic in his single-minded approach to the Black Death.  His speculative generalizations about the numbers of rats in medieval Europe are based on isolated studies unrepresentative of medieval conditions, while his unconvincing trade-ship argument overlooks land-based caravans, the overland migration of infected rodents, and the many other animals that carry plague.

Question #33.  247-02  (22822-!-item-!-188;#058&000247-02)



The passage suggests that Twigg believes that rats could not have spread the Black Death unless which of the following were true?



(A) The rats escaped from ships that had been in Asia.

(B) The rats were immune to the diseases that they carried.

(C) The rat population was larger in medieval Europe than Twigg believes it actually was.

(D) The rat population primarily infested densely populated areas.

(E) The rats interacted with other animals that Twigg believes could have carried plague.  



题目是在问：老鼠不能传播BD，除非下列哪个选项是正确的？ 是不是就是在问老鼠不能传播BD的前提？

但文章说rat population in Europe was both too sparse and insufficiently migratory to have spread plague

意思不就是老鼠数量太少所以不能传播BD么~那不时和C刚好的反着的么~

看题目看的有点晕，就是那个not ..unless那块儿~

请高人指点一下~~~感谢！！！！

zh06yt01

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

zh06yt01

大牛们啊~~来帮我啊~~~~