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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新
RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
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1.CR
Ornithologists conducted an experiment to investigate the impact of noise pollution on the nesting behavior and reproductive success of a particular bird species. In the experiment, two groups of birds were observed: Group A was exposed to a constant loud noise from a nearby well, while Group B was situated in a quiet area. The researchers discovered that over 50% of the birds in the study chose to build their nests in the quiet location. However, upon further analysis, they found that the birds nesting in the noisy area had a higher hatching rate, with twice as many chicks hatching compared to the birds in the quiet area. The study aimed to elucidate the underlying reasons for this counterintuitive finding.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument that the birds' preference for quieter nesting locations is driven by an aversion to noise?
(A) The loud noise near the nesting area in Group A was intermittent, with periods of relative silence.
(B) The birds in Group A had a higher mortality rate after hatching compared to those in Group B.
(C) The two groups of birds were exposed to similar levels of light pollution during the experiment.
(D) Predators of the bird species were found to be less active in the noisy area around Group A's nesting site.
(E) The birds in Group B had access to a more abundant food supply than those in Group A.
In recent times, more entertainment celebrities have begun to establish their own fashion labels. However, professional designers generally do not set up their own labels unless they have a very good idea or sufficient talent. This trend is leading to fashion labels under celebrities becoming less stylish because ___________.
A. Professional designers often do not have the time to establish their own labels.
B. The professional designers hired by celebrities are not as talented.
C. The clothing under these labels is predominantly designed by the celebrities themselves.
D. The fashion industry prioritizes celebrity status over design quality.
E. There is a lack of innovation in the designs produced by these celebrity-owned labels.
答案:
DC
2.DI
In the annals of human history, few civilizations have captured the imagination as powerfully as ancient Egypt. From the towering pyramids to the enigmatic Sphinx, from the hieroglyph-adorned temples to the glittering treasures of Tutankhamun's tomb, the remnants of this mighty empire continue to awe and inspire us to this day. And yet, amidst all the grandeur and mystery, there is one aspect of ancient Egyptian society that often goes overlooked: the complex and often perilous world of gold mining.
Gold, the eternal symbol of wealth, power, and divinity, held a central place in the Egyptian cosmology. The pharaohs were believed to be the earthly embodiments of the sun god Ra, and gold, with its radiant luster, was seen as the flesh of the gods. It is no wonder, then, that the Egyptians went to such extraordinary lengths to procure this precious metal.
The story of Egyptian gold mining begins with the alluvial deposits of the Nile River. As early as the pre-dynastic period, before the rise of the first pharaohs, Egyptians were panning for gold in the river's silty waters. The process was simple but effective: the gold-bearing sand and gravel were scooped up and swirled in shallow wooden bowls, allowing the heavier gold particles to settle at the bottom. This technique, known as "washing," yielded small but significant quantities of gold, and it remained a staple of Egyptian mining for millennia.
However, as the Egyptian state grew in power and complexity, so too did its appetite for gold. By the time of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BC), when the great pyramids of Giza were built, the demand for gold had skyrocketed. The pharaohs needed vast quantities of the metal to adorn their tombs, temples, and palaces, as well as to finance their ambitious building projects and military campaigns. It was during this period that the Egyptians began to exploit the gold deposits of the Eastern Desert and Nubia, a region that would become the epicenter of Egyptian gold mining.
The gold of the Eastern Desert and Nubia was of a different character than that of the Nile. Rather than being scattered in alluvial deposits, it was concentrated in quartz veins that snaked through the desert mountains. To extract this gold, the Egyptians had to develop a whole new set of mining techniques.
The first step was to locate a promising vein. This was no easy task in the vast and rugged desert landscape, but the Egyptians were skilled prospectors. They looked for telltale signs like surface outcroppings of quartz, as well as ancient riverbeds and alluvial fans where gold might have accumulated over time.
Once a vein was located, the real work began. Miners would carve deep shafts and tunnels into the mountainside, following the quartz vein as it twisted and turned through the rock. The work was backbreaking and dangerous, carried out in dark, narrow passages where the air was thick with dust and the heat was oppressive.
The miners used a variety of tools to extract the gold-bearing quartz, including bronze chisels, wooden mallets, and even fire-setting. This last technique involved heating the rock with fire, then rapidly cooling it with water, causing the rock to crack and making it easier to break apart.
The extracted quartz was then hauled to the surface, where it was crushed and ground into a fine powder using stone mills. This powder was then washed with water, much like the alluvial gold of the Nile, to separate the heavy gold particles from the lighter rock dust. The gold was then collected, melted down, and cast into ingots for transport.
The scale of these mining operations was staggering. During the New Kingdom period (c. 1550-1069 BC), the heyday of Egyptian gold mining, it is estimated that the mines of the Eastern Desert and Nubia produced between 20 and 80 tons of gold annually. This was a truly industrial enterprise, employing thousands of workers, from miners and millers to administrators and guards.
However, this productivity came at a terrible cost. The working conditions in the mines were notoriously harsh, with miners facing constant threats from cave-ins, rockfalls, and asphyxiation. Injuries were common, and many miners likely suffered from silicosis, a debilitating lung disease caused by inhaling rock dust. The average life expectancy of an Egyptian miner was a mere 30 years,Ancient Egyptian Gold Mining: A Tale of Prosperity and Peril
In the annals of human history, few civilizations have captured the imagination as powerfully as ancient Egypt. From the towering pyramids to the enigmatic Sphinx, from the hieroglyph-adorned temples to the glittering treasures of Tutankhamun's tomb, the remnants of this mighty empire continue to awe and inspire us to this day. And yet, amidst all the grandeur and mystery, there is one aspect of ancient Egyptian society that often goes overlooked: the complex and often perilous world of gold mining.
Gold, the eternal symbol of wealth, power, and divinity, held a central place in the Egyptian cosmology. The pharaohs were believed to be the earthly embodiments of the sun god Ra, and gold, with its radiant luster, was seen as the flesh of the gods. It is no wonder, then, that the Egyptians went to such extraordinary lengths to procure this precious metal.
The story of Egyptian gold mining begins with the alluvial deposits of the Nile River. As early as the pre-dynastic period, before the rise of the first pharaohs, Egyptians were panning for gold in the river's silty waters. The process was simple but effective: the gold-bearing sand and gravel were scooped up and swirled in shallow wooden bowls, allowing the heavier gold particles to settle at the bottom. This technique, known as "washing," yielded small but significant quantities of gold, and it remained a staple of Egyptian mining for millennia.
However, as the Egyptian state grew in power and complexity, so too did its appetite for gold. By the time of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BC), when the great pyramids of Giza were built, the demand for gold had skyrocketed. The pharaohs needed vast quantities of the metal to adorn their tombs, temples, and palaces, as well as to finance their ambitious building projects and military campaigns. It was during this period that the Egyptians began to exploit the gold deposits of the Eastern Desert and Nubia, a region that would become the epicenter of Egyptian gold mining.
The gold of the Eastern Desert and Nubia was of a different character than that of the Nile. Rather than being scattered in alluvial deposits, it was concentrated in quartz veins that snaked through the desert mountains. To extract this gold, the Egyptians had to develop a whole new set of mining techniques.
The first step was to locate a promising vein. This was no easy task in the vast and rugged desert landscape, but the Egyptians were skilled prospectors. They looked for telltale signs like surface outcroppings of quartz, as well as ancient riverbeds and alluvial fans where gold might have accumulated over time.
Once a vein was located, the real work began. Miners would carve deep shafts and tunnels into the mountainside, following the quartz vein as it twisted and turned through the rock. The work was backbreaking and dangerous, carried out in dark, narrow passages where the air was thick with dust and the heat was oppressive.
The miners used a variety of tools to extract the gold-bearing quartz, including bronze chisels, wooden mallets, and even fire-setting. This last technique involved heating the rock with fire, then rapidly cooling it with water, causing the rock to crack and making it easier to break apart.
The extracted quartz was then hauled to the surface, where it was crushed and ground into a fine powder using stone mills. This powder was then washed with water, much like the alluvial gold of the Nile, to separate the heavy gold particles from the lighter rock dust. The gold was then collected, melted down, and cast into ingots for transport.
The scale of these mining operations was staggering. During the New Kingdom period (c. 1550-1069 BC), the heyday of Egyptian gold mining, it is estimated that the mines of the Eastern Desert and Nubia produced between 20 and 80 tons of gold annually. This was a truly industrial enterprise, employing thousands of workers, from miners and millers to administrators and guards.
However, this productivity came at a terrible cost. The working conditions in the mines were notoriously harsh, with miners facing constant threats from cave-ins, rockfalls, and asphyxiation. Injuries were common, and many miners likely suffered from silicosis, a debilitating lung disease caused by inhaling rock dust. The average life expectancy of an Egyptian miner was a mere 30 years, a stark contrast to the long and luxurious lives enjoyed by the pharaohs and the elite.
The environmental impact of Egyptian gold mining was also significant. The demand for wood to fuel the smelting furnaces and to shore up the mine shafts led to widespread deforestation in the already arid Eastern Desert. The tailings from the mines, the vast piles of crushed rock left behind after the gold had been extracted, altered the landscape in profound ways, while the heavy metals and other pollutants released by the mining process poisoned the soil and water.
Despite these costs, the importance of gold to the Egyptian economy and state apparatus meant that mining continued unabated for centuries. The gold fueled the opulence of the pharaonic courts, financed the construction of monuments like the Great Temple of Amun at Karnak, and cemented Egypt's status as a major player in the geopolitics of the ancient world.
However, by the time of the New Kingdom, the gold reserves of the Eastern Desert and Nubia were beginning to be depleted. The Egyptians were forced to look further afield for new sources of the precious metal, leading to increased trade and diplomatic activity with neighboring states like the Kingdom of Kush to the south.
The story of ancient Egyptian gold mining is, in many ways, a microcosm of the rise and fall of the Egyptian state itself. The gold funded the glory of the Old and New Kingdoms, but it also contributed to the eventual decline of Egyptian power. As the gold ran out and the costs of mining increased, Egypt's economic and military strength waned, leaving it vulnerable to invasion and conquest by foreign powers.
In the end, the legacy of Egyptian gold mining is a complex one. On the one hand, it was a source of tremendous wealth and prestige for one of the world's greatest civilizations. The gold of Egypt still captivates us today, from the gleaming death mask of Tutankhamun to the intricate jewelry of Nefertiti. On the other hand, it was also a source of great suffering and environmental destruction, a reminder of the often hidden costs of human ambition and greed.
As we reflect on this history, it is important to remember that our own modern world is not so different from that of the ancient Egyptians. We too are driven by a desire for wealth and power, and we too often pursue these goals at the expense of human well-being and ecological sustainability. The story of Egyptian gold mining, in all its complexity, offers a cautionary tale for our times, urging us to consider the long-term consequences of our actions and to strive for a more balanced and equitable relationship with the natural world.
In conclusion, the history of ancient Egyptian gold mining is a fascinating and multifaceted one, encompassing themes of wealth and power, innovation and exploitation, glory and decline. It is a story that still resonates with us today, as we grapple with the ongoing challenges of resource extraction, environmental stewardship, and social justice. By understanding and learning from the experiences of the past, we can hope to build a brighter and more sustainable future for all.
1. According to the passage, what was the primary motivation behind the ancient Egyptians' gold mining efforts?
A. To satisfy the luxurious lifestyles of the pharaohs and the elite
B. To drive technological innovation and economic development
C. To maintain Egypt's status as a major power in the ancient world
D. The importance of gold in Egyptian religion and culture, and the state's demand for gold
2. The passage implies several potential long-term impacts of ancient Egyptian gold mining. Which of the following are mentioned?
A. The wealth inequality resulting from gold mining may have exacerbated social inequalities
B. The environmental damage caused by the mines may have negatively impacted Egyptian agriculture and economy
C. The large-scale deforestation carried out for gold mining may have altered Egypt's climate
D. All of the above
3. Based on the information provided in the passage, which statement most accurately describes the scale and conditions of ancient Egyptian gold mining?
A. The scale of mining was small, but the working conditions for miners were relatively safe and comfortable
B. The scale of mining was large, and the working conditions for miners were extremely harsh and dangerous
C. The scale and conditions of mining varied significantly depending on the period and location of the mines
D. The scale of mining continuously expanded over time, but the working conditions for miners also improved accordingly
4. The author draws comparisons between ancient Egyptian gold mining and contemporary society multiple times throughout the passage. What is the main purpose of these comparisons?
A. To emphasize that human societies have always been driven by the pursuit of wealth and power
B. To point out that modern societies face similar challenges to ancient Egypt in terms of resource extraction and environmental protection
C. To suggest that the decline of ancient Egypt serves as a cautionary tale for modern societies
D. All of the above
5. The author's perspective on the legacy of ancient Egyptian gold mining can be best described as:
A. Unequivocally positive, focusing on the wealth and glory it brought to Egyptian civilization
B. Entirely negative, emphasizing the human suffering and environmental destruction it caused
C. Neutral and objective, presenting both the positive and negative aspects without any value judgment
D. Nuanced and complex, acknowledging both the achievements and the costs, and drawing lessons for the present
6. The passage suggests that the depletion of gold reserves in the Eastern Desert and Nubia during the New Kingdom period led to which of the following consequences?
A. The complete collapse of the Egyptian economy and state
B. The shift of mining activities to other regions of Egypt
C. Increased trade and diplomatic activities with neighboring states to secure new sources of gold
D. The abandonment of gold as a symbol of wealth and power in Egyptian culture
7. The author's discussion of the working conditions in ancient Egyptian gold mines serves to:
A. Highlight the advanced technological capabilities of the ancient Egyptians
B. Emphasize the human cost of the wealth and glory of the Egyptian state
C. Argue for the superiority of modern mining techniques and safety standards
D. Suggest that the ancient Egyptians were unconcerned with the welfare of the lower classes
8. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main argument of the passage?
A. Ancient Egyptian gold mining was a purely destructive enterprise that brought no benefits to Egyptian society
B. The history of ancient Egyptian gold mining is a complex one, with significant achievements and costs, and lessons for the present
C. The wealth and power of the Egyptian state was solely due to the exploitation of gold resources and human labor
D. Ancient Egyptian gold mining had no lasting impact on the environment or society of Egypt
DDBDDCBB
3.RC
The faint-young-sun paradox, a perplexing cosmological conundrum, has its origins in the enigmatic formation of the Earth. Stellar evolution models unanimously suggest that the sun's luminosity was 25-30% lower when the solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago compared to its present intensity. Since then, the solar luminosity has seemingly increased in a linear fashion.
As Carl Sagan and George H. Mullen of Cornell University elucidated about 15 years ago, the paradox emerges when one comprehends that if the Earth's primordial atmosphere mirrored its current composition, a feeble sun would have resulted in a frozen Earth until approximately two billion years ago. However, the planet did not succumb to glaciation. In fact, sedimentary rock evidence indicates the presence of liquid oceans on Earth since at least 3.8 billion years ago, coinciding with the commencement of the geological record. Furthermore, the existence of life for a minimum of 3.5 billion years demonstrates that the Earth's surface has not been completely frozen during this period. (Water remains liquid between 0°C and 374°C; it boils and evaporates at 100°C at sea level presently but can remain liquid at higher temperatures under increased atmospheric pressure.)
Sagan and Mullen recognized that the paradox vanishes if one presumes that the Earth's atmosphere has evolved over time. For example, if the young planet had fewer clouds than it does today, less sunlight reaching the Earth's surface would have been reflected back into space, resulting in a correspondingly warmer planet. Currently, approximately 30% of the sunlight reaching the top of the atmosphere is reflected back to space, primarily by clouds. A cooler Earth might have had fewer clouds, but geological evidence suggests that the early Earth was actually warmer than it is today. While parts of the planet are currently covered with glaciers, there is no indication of similar glaciation before about 2.7 billion years ago.
A more plausible explanation is that the greenhouse effect was more pronounced in the distant past. Sagan and Mullen proposed that ammonia (NH3), an efficient infrared absorber, could have warmed the climate if it constituted just 100 out of every million air molecules. However, subsequent studies have revealed that the sun would have rapidly converted ammonia into the non-greenhouse gases nitrogen and hydrogen unless it was continuously replenished in the atmosphere from the planet's surface.
Other investigations have concentrated on carbon dioxide, which is not readily decomposed by sunlight. Carbon dioxide is undoubtedly abundant on Earth; if released into the atmosphere, the amount currently stored in the planet's carbonate rocks would exert a pressure of about 60 bars. (One bar equals 14.5 pounds per square inch, the pressure at sea level. The Earth's atmosphere currently contains about .0003 bar of carbon dioxide.) If just a few tenths of a bar of the stored carbon dioxide were originally present as a gas, its additional greenhouse warming would have compensated for the reduced sunlight.
The idea that higher carbon dioxide levels could have shielded the early Earth from freezing soon led to a related concept: if the carbon dioxide level declined at a rate that precisely counteracted the increase in solar luminosity over time, the decline might explain why the Earth's temperature has always remained within reasonable limits. Michael H. Hart of NASA undertook the task of calculating such a compensatory rate.
Hart managed to derive a solution in which the gas levels declined approximately logarithmically with time, but his most intriguing discovery was that very few of his calculations were successful. In other words, if the composition of the atmosphere had changed at any time at a rate different from his precise solution, the planet would have become incapable of supporting life. If the carbon dioxide level had declined too slowly, the Earth would have turned into a hothouse; if it had declined too quickly, the oceans would have frozen.
Hart performed similar calculations for scenarios in which the distance between the Earth and the sun was varied by small amounts. He discovered that if the Earth had formed 5% closer to the sun, the atmosphere would have become so hot that the oceans would have evaporated, a condition known as a runaway greenhouse. Conversely, the planet would have experienced runaway glaciation if it had formed as little as 1% farther from the sun. Only within the relatively narrow range of orbits between .95 astronomical units (A.U.) and 1.01 A.U. could one or the other of these climatic catastrophes be avoided. (One A.U. is the distance between the sun and the Earth, or 149.6 million kilometers.) Hart termed this narrow band of orbital distances the continuously habitable zone (CHZ).
Hart's conclusions were disconcerting because they implied that the Earth must have defied extraordinary odds to avoid the fate of Mars or Venus. Only within the past few years have researchers discovered the flaw in his hypothesis. A mathematical model developed by James C. G. Walker, Paul B. Hays of the University of Michigan, and one of the authors (Kasting) suggests that the changes in carbon dioxide concentration did not occur by mere chance. Instead, carbon dioxide levels have likely fluctuated in response to changes in surface temperature. When the temperature rises, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decrease, cooling the surface; when the surface cools, the abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide increases and warms the surface. The presence of such a negative-feedback loop implies that the Earth has probably never been at risk of experiencing either the runaway greenhouse or the runaway glaciation postulated by Hart.
1. The faint-young-sun paradox arises from the discrepancy between
(A) the Earth's current atmospheric composition and its primordial composition
(B) the sun's luminosity 4.6 billion years ago and its present intensity
(C) the presence of liquid oceans and the absence of life on Earth
(D) the geological record and the commencement of life on Earth
(E) the Earth's surface temperature and its distance from the sun
2. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about the early Earth's atmosphere?
(A) It had more clouds than the current atmosphere, reflecting more sunlight back into space.
(B) It had fewer clouds than the current atmosphere, allowing more sunlight to reach the surface.
(C) It had a higher concentration of ammonia, which acted as an efficient infrared absorber.
(D) It had a lower concentration of carbon dioxide, which led to a cooler climate.
(E) It had a composition similar to the current atmosphere, resulting in a frozen Earth.
3. The passage suggests that the most plausible explanation for the early Earth's warm climate is
(A) the presence of ammonia in the atmosphere
(B) the absence of glaciers on the planet's surface
(C) a more pronounced greenhouse effect
(D) the Earth's closer proximity to the sun
(E) the higher concentration of nitrogen and hydrogen in the atmosphere
4. According to Michael H. Hart's calculations, the Earth's climate would have remained stable if
(A) the carbon dioxide levels declined logarithmically with time
(B) the Earth had formed 5% closer to the sun
(C) the Earth had formed 1% farther from the sun
(D) the atmosphere had turned into a hothouse
(E) the oceans had frozen
5. The continuously habitable zone (CHZ) refers to the range of orbital distances within which
(A) the Earth can support life
(B) the Earth can avoid runaway greenhouse or runaway glaciation
(C) the Earth's atmosphere can maintain a stable composition
(D) the Earth's carbon dioxide levels can fluctuate in response to temperature changes
(E) the Earth can experience both a runaway greenhouse and a runaway glaciation
6. The mathematical model developed by Walker, Hays, and Kasting suggests that
(A) the Earth has defied extraordinary odds to avoid the fate of Mars or Venus
(B) the changes in carbon dioxide concentration occurred by mere chance
(C) the Earth has never been at risk of experiencing either the runaway greenhouse or the runaway glaciation
(D) the presence of a negative-feedback loop implies that the Earth's climate has always been stable
(E) the Earth's surface temperature is independent of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
7. The passage implies that the flaw in Hart's hypothesis was that it
(A) overestimated the importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's climate
(B) underestimated the role of ammonia in warming the early Earth's atmosphere
(C) failed to consider the presence of a negative-feedback loop between carbon dioxide levels and surface temperature
(D) assumed that the Earth's atmosphere had a composition similar to its current one
(E) relied on an inaccurate estimate of the sun's luminosity 4.6 billion years ago
8. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain the faint-young-sun paradox and discuss possible solutions
(B) compare the atmospheric compositions of Earth, Mars, and Venus
(C) describe the role of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's climate
(D) argue for the existence of life on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years
(E) discuss the importance of the Earth's distance from the sun in maintaining a habitable climate
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. A
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发表于 2024-4-26 07:49:07
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