[揽瓜阁精读] 312.计算机革命

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The success that Nigerian-born computer scientist Philip Emeagwali (b. 1954) has had in designing computers that solve real-world problems has been fueled by his willingness to reach beyond established paradigms and draw inspiration for his designs from nature. In the 1980s, Emeagwali achieved breakthroughs in the design of parallel computer systems. Whereas single computers work sequentially, making one calculation at a time, computers connected in parallel can process calculations simultaneously. In 1989, Emeagwali pioneered the use of massively parallel computers that used a network of thousands of smaller computers to solve what is considered one of the most computationally difficult problems: predicting the flow of oil through the subterranean geologic formations that make up oil fields. Until that time, supercomputers had been used for oil field calculations, but because these supercomputers worked sequentially, they were too slow and inefficient to accurately predict such extremely complex movements.

To model oil field flow using a computer requires the simulation of the distribution of the oil at tens of thousands of locations throughout the field. At each location, hundreds of simultaneous calculations must be made at regular time intervals relating to such variables as temperature, direction of oil flow, viscosity, and pressure, as well as geologic properties of the basin holding the oil. In order to solve this problem, Emeagwali designed a massively parallel computer by using the Internet to connect to more than 65,000 smaller computers. One of the great difficulties of parallel computing is dividing up the tasks among the separate smaller computers so that they do not interfere with each other, and it was here that Emeagwali turned to natural processes for ideas, noting that tree species that survive today are those that, over the course of hundreds of millions of years, have developed branching patterns that have maximized the amount of sunlight gathered and the quantity of water and sap delivered. Emeagwali demonstrated that, for modeling certain phenomena such as subterranean oil flow, a network design based on the mathematical principle that underlies the branching structures of trees will enable a massively parallel computer to gather and broadcast the largest quantity of messages to its processing points in the shortest time.

In 1996 Emeagwali had another breakthrough when he presented the design for a massively parallel computer that he claims will be powerful enough to predict global weather patterns a century in advance. The computer’s design is based on the geometry of bees’ honeycombs, which use an extremely efficient three-dimensional spacing. Emeagwali believes that computer scientists in the future will increasingly look to nature for elegant solutions to complex technical problems. This paradigm shift, he asserts, will enable us to better understand the systems evolved by nature and, thereby, to facilitate the evolution of human technology.

azay

P1 1989，pe设计的并行式电脑系统用来预测油田石油的流量，这件事超级计算机做得很慢预测得不精确
P2 Emeagwali designed a massively parallel computer by using the Internet to connect to more than 65,000 smaller computers.
have developed branching patterns that have maximized the amount of sunlight gathered and the quantity of water and sap delivered.
P3 1996 e设计了一个并行系统可以提前一百年预测气候，基于蜜蜂的honeycombs。他认为范式转变会使我们更好理解生物进化，促进仿生学？

Blair1001

P1
PE的成功在于他设计的电脑超越了现有的范例，以及为未来提供了遐想。E突破了平行电脑系统。单一电脑连续工作的情况下，电脑可以连接在一起同时处理计算。E运用大量平行的电脑，去解决最困难的计算问题之一：预测通过地标下面油的形成预测油的流向。但是由于他们太慢了无法作如此复杂的运算。
P2
塑造油的模型需要同时运用许多数据，涉及到温度、方向等。最大的困难是如何分配数据，使得这些电脑之间的计算不会相互冲突。为了解决这个问题，E创造了树形结构，使得这些电脑可以在很短的时间内处理大量数据。
P3
E还有一个突破，他声称可以计算未来一个世纪的天气。找个计算是运用蜜蜂的蜂巢。他相信未来人类会运用自然去解决复杂的科技问题。这种转变会使我们更好地理解大自然系统，同时也促使人类科技的发展。

zjyblueflag

-结构
第一段：PE对于计算机贡献的动力来源——贡献1-解释——1989贡献2-原来不行是因为啥
第二段：上面贡献2的进一步描述：用计算机进行oil估算的难点——E的解决——灵感来源于自然
第三段：贡献3:关于天气的——PE的观点：要多从自然中寻找答案，看看自然是怎么进化的

-意图：
描述PE对于计算机的贡献，中立态度

吱野

查不喜欢

这一篇比较简单
P1：提到了PE的双线计算速度很快-eg：测算油田的流动；
P2：阐述了多线计算的原理，如同大树分支一样的。
P3：计算大气活动，蜜蜂的巢穴。科学家向自然汲取智慧

calll

Simple story:
What’s the main breakthrough that Emeagwali made in computer development history.
1.        Emeagwali has had success in designing computers that solve real-world problems.
2.        Designed a parallel computer by using the internet to connect smaller computers
3.        He presented the design for a parallel computer to predict global weather patterns.

Eunice12

文章结构：
P1verview
1、作者观点：E设计出能解决真实世界问题的电脑的成就---fueled by willingness and inspiration
2、按时间顺序讲述E电脑的发展
1980s, designed parallel computer systems→process calculations simultaneously
1989, the use of massively parallel computers→predict the flow of oil
3、当时超级电脑的困境：能用来计算油田，但是按顺序运算，速度太慢以至于不能准确预测复杂运动

P2：预测原理+E如何解决
1、预测原理：用电脑模拟油在数十数千个地点的分布→在每个地点，必须在常规时间间隔中同时进行与不同变量相关的数千计算
2、E如何解决：designed a massively parallel computer by using the internet
最大的困难：分散的小电脑分割任务，互不干扰
解决：branching structure of trees
好处：enable the computers to gather and broadcast the largest quantity of messages

P3: 其他突破+设计理念
1、1996，设计出能提前一个世纪预测全球天气模式的平行电脑
3、电脑的设计=geometry of bees’ honeycombs
4、设计理念：E认为未来电脑科学家能在自然中寻找解决复杂技术问题的方法

xixio

312
生词：paradigm范式
P1: 按两个时间点概括E的电脑优势
1980s—E parallel computer system---simultaneously
1989—used a network—to solve difficult problems (predicting oil flow)
==supercomputers (but too slow and inefficient)

P2: 细讲E的电脑如何predicting oil flow
to model oil flow—requires simulation (thousands of locations) ---each location (hundreds of calculations)
To solve this problem—E designed a parallel computer (using internet) ---one difficulty: divide up among separate computers---E ideas (from natural processes) --a network design (based on the principle the trees’ branching structure underlies)—enable to gather and broadcast the messages

P3：另一个由nature启发的design
1996—E another breakthrough: based on bee’s honeycombs (efficient)
E believe in the future scientists will increasingly look to nature for solutions—this shift will enable us to better understand and thereby to facilitate the evolution of tech.

未知数xy

P1：parallel计算机背景及应用
-PE受到大自然的启发设计了电脑程序来解决现实问题。
-介绍他发明的parallel电脑系统：并联多个小电脑——预测石油如何在地层流动产生油田
-以前也用过超级计算机来计算油田，但是电脑太慢计算量太大计算出来的数据不准确
P2：parallel计算机的发明及原理
-预测油田需要计算很多因素如温度、气压、油流动的方向等等。
-PE于是发明了parallel电脑，原理就是把很多小电脑连在一起。
-difficulties：如何给小电脑分配任务又不让它们互相影响。
-受到大自然的启发，大树为了获取阳光和水源将树干的扩展延伸
P3：PE另一个类似发明+总结
-又发明了大型parallel电脑：预测全球气候
-灵感来源蜂巢
-主旨：大自然能够启发促进人类科技的发展。