[揽瓜阁逻辑小分队] day2

Ysandre

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Day 2
1.        柿子
考古学家在一个英国殖民地的一口枯井里发现了樱桃蓝莓和柿子的种子，而柿子（persimmon）不是这个英国的本土植物，但本地人好像喜欢吃柿子，因为发现柿子都是被留到快坏了才吃的，结论说土著教殖民者（英国人）吃本地不太熟悉的食物。问削弱
2.        假钞逻辑漏洞题
其一（find the flaw）：政府为了打击假钞，准备发行新的纸币。然后新的纸币发行了之后，在市面上还是发现了新钞票的假钞。又过了几个月，政府宣布新纸币的发行成功让假钞团伙放弃了印假钞。问这个argument的错误在哪儿。
其二（assumption）：假钞 但是是说旧货币造假严重，有了一个新科技来抑制。又说新的货币发行后，好像是先有很多假币，后几年就没再发现假币了。 所以推论这个新科技有作用。问有什么assumption。
3.        手套
描述一：是一种soon还是loon什么的专家认为会导致心血管疾病。因为他们做了个实验在一这个物质高的城市验证了这个说 然后给了好多选项， 问那个会 undermine这个
描述二：in places where there is a lot of pollution, people get cardiovascular diseases. And then they did an experiment, in which places with high pollution had higher rates and places with low pollution had smaller rates.  Therefore, places with higher pollution are more likely to get the disease. （undermine）

二丫00

781. Proponents of the recently introduced tax on sales of new luxury boats had argued that a tax of this sort would be an equitable way to increase government revenue because the admittedly heavy tax burden would fall only on wealthy people and neither they nor anyone else would suffer any economic hardship. In fact, however, 20 percent of the workers employed by manufacturers of luxury boats have lost their jobs as a direct result of this tax.
The information given, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?


逻辑链：
P1：支持者认为引入奢华游艇的消费税和增加政府收入是一样的，因为税收是对富裕人员征收的，无论是富裕人员还是其他人都不会遭受任何经济困难。
P2：
C：结果奢华游艇制造业的20%员工因为税收被解雇。
下面的哪一项如果是真的，最加强

A. The market for luxury boats would have collapsed even if the new tax on luxury boats had been lower.
奢华游艇市场会坍塌，即使消费税更低
B. The new tax would produce a net gain in tax revenue for the government only if the yearly total revenue that it generates exceeds the total of any yearly tax-revenue decrease resulting from the workers’ loss of jobs.
新税只有在产生新的政府收入超过当年超过了因为员工失业减少的税收时，建议才有效。选B
C. Because many people never buy luxury items, imposing a sales tax on luxury items is the kind of legislative action that does not cost incumbent legislators much popular support.
因为很多人不买奢侈品，实施奢侈品消费税是一种合法行为，
D. Before the tax was instituted, luxury boats were largely bought by people who were not wealthy.
在实施消费税之前，奢华游艇主要不是富裕人士买的。
E. Taxes can be equitable only if their burden is evenly distributed over the entire population.
税收只有在分担在整个人口的时候是平等的。

二丫00

780. Debater: The average amount of overtime per month worked by an employee in the manufacturing division of the Haglut Corporation is 14 hours. Most employees of the Haglut Corporation work in the manufacturing division. Furthermore, the average amount of overtime per month worked by any employee in the company generally does not fluctuate much from month to month. Therefore, each month, most employees of the Haglut Corporation almost certainly work at least some overtime.

The debater’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which of these grounds?


逻辑链：
P1：制造部门的员工每月平均加班14小时；大部分公司的员工都在制造部门工作；任何员工的每月平均加班时间通常不会有太大的波动。
P2：
C：每个月，大部分公司的员工几乎肯定会有一些加班
这个结论忽略了一个可能的情况，那就是公司内部的其他部门，比如销售部门、财务部门、人力资源部门等，可能有不同的工作时间安排，也许他们的加班时间比制造部门的少，或者根本不需要加班。如果这样的话，那么就不能根据制造部门的员工的加班情况来推断整个公司的员工的加班情况，因为这样的推断没有考虑到不同部门之间的差异。因此，这个论证的最大弱点是它没有充分考虑到公司内部的多样性，而是以偏概全，从而导致了一个不可靠的结论。

A. It takes for granted that the manufacturing division is a typical division of the corporation with regard to the average amount of overtime its employees work each month.
把生产部门作为整个的公司的平均加班时间，尽管指出了以偏概全的问题，但是C还是有可能得出
B. It takes for granted that if a certain average amount of overtime is worked each month by each employee of the Haglut Corporation, then approximately the same amount of overtime must be worked each month by each employee of the manufacturing division.
认为公司每个雇员每月的平均加班时间，一定也是生产制造部门的
C. It confuses a claim from which the argument’s conclusion about the Haglut Corporation would necessarily follow with a claim that would follow from the argument’s conclusion only with a high degree of probability.
关于公司的结论只是一个比较高的概率，没有指出明确的弱点
D. It overlooks the possibility that even if, on average, a certain amount of overtime is worked by the members of some group, many members of that group may work no overtime at all.
指出忽视了一种概率，某组中一部分人加班，另一部分人根本不加班，结论以偏概全，加班的这部分人可能并不是大部分。选D。
E. It overlooks the possibility that even if most employees of the corporation work some overtime each month, any one corporate employee may, in some months, work no overtime.
忽视了即使公司中多数雇员每个月都加班，公司中还会有人，在某些月份根本不加班，还是会得出C

二丫00

779. Scientists have modified feed corn genetically, increasing its resistance to insect pests. Farmers who tried out the genetically modified corn last season applied less insecticide to their corn fields and still got yields comparable to those they would have gotten with ordinary corn. Ordinary corn seed, however, costs less, and what these farmers saved on insecticide
rarely exceeded their extra costs for seed. Therefore, for most feed‐corn farmers, switching to genetically modified seed would be unlikely to increase profits.
Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

逻辑链：
P1： 科学家修改了玉米的基因，增加了抗虫性。上一季节使用这种转基因玉米的农民使用更少的杀虫剂，但仍收获得跟普通玉米一样多。
P2：
C：普通玉米种子成本更低，这些农民在杀虫剂上节约的资金很少超过他们在种子上更多的支出。所以转变玉米种类未必会增加利润。
为了评估这个结论，下面哪一项是最有用的。

A. Whether there are insect pests that sometimes reduce feed‐corn yields, but against which commonly used insecticides and the genetic modification are equally ineffective
是否虫子有时候造成减产，但为防止这种情况而使用杀虫剂与使用转基因是同样无效的。
B. Whether the price that farmers receive for feed corn has remained steady over the past few years
农民收到的货钱这几年是否稳定
C. Whether the insecticides typically used on feed corn tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops
是否用在玉米田的杀虫剂比用在其它作物上的杀虫剂要更贵
D. Whether most of the farmers who tried the genetically modified corn last season applied more insecticide than was actually necessary
是否大多数使用转基因的农民使用杀虫剂的数量比他们实际需要的多，选D
E. Whether, for most farmers who plant feed corn, it is their most profitable crop

二丫00

777. The country of Virodia has, until now, been barely self-sufficient in both meat and grain. Greater prosperity there has gone hand in hand with steadily increasing per capita consumption of meat, and it takes several pounds of grain used as feed to produce one pound of meat. Per capita income is almost certain to rise further, yet increases in domestic grain production are unlikely.

Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information given?


逻辑链：
P1： Virodia只在肉类和谷物上自给自足。越来越多的地区的单位肉类消费在增多，几磅谷物才能生产一磅肉。
P2：
C：单位收入一定也会提升，但是增加国内的谷物生产是不可能的。
哪一项被文中支持。

A. Some land in Virodia that is currently used for grain production will soon be turned into pastureland for grazing cattle for meat.
Virodia现在用来种植谷物的会被变成养牛取肉的牧场
B. In the future, per capita income in Virodia is unlikely to increase as rapidly as it has in the past.
Virodia未来的单位收入不可能像过去增长那么快。
C. In Virodia, the amount of grain it takes to produce one pound of meat is likely to increase in coming years.
在Virodia，生成一磅肉所需要的谷物在未来几年会增加。
D. Grain is soon likely to make up a larger proportion of the average Virodian’s diet than ever before.
谷物在Virodia人均饮食中的占比会更高。
E. Virodia is likely to become an importer of grain or meat or both.
Virodia会成为谷物或者肉类的进口国。选E。

二丫00

776. As a construction material, bamboo is as strong as steel and sturdier than concrete. Moreover, in tropical areas bamboo is a much less expensive construction material than either steel or concrete and is always readily available. In tropical areas, therefore, building with bamboo
makes better economic sense than building with steel or concrete, except where land values are high.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the exception noted above?



逻辑链：
P1：作为一种建筑材料，竹子跟钢铁一样硬，比水泥更结实。在热带地区，竹子比钢铁或者水泥都便宜，而且随处可见。
P2：
C：所以，在热带地区，用竹子建比钢铁或者水泥都更经济，除了在那些地价很高的地方。
问哪项解释了上面的特例。

A. Buildings constructed of bamboo are less likely to suffer earthquake damage than are steel and concrete buildings.
用竹子建造的房子更不容易被地震损坏。这解释了竹子比钢铁水泥更可取，但是没有解释地价。
B. Bamboo is unsuitable as a building material for multistory buildings.
竹子不适合建多层建筑。有解释到，因为地价高，所以盖的都是多层建筑。选B。
C. In order to protect it from being damaged by termites and beetles, bamboo must be soaked, at some expense, in a preservative.
为了防止竹子被termites and beetles损坏，竹子要被浸泡过，产生费用。这削弱了竹子的经济性，但是没有解释地价高。
D. In some tropical areas, bamboo is used to make the scaffolding that is used during large construction projects.
在一些热带地区，竹子被用来做大型建筑里的scaffolding。无关。
E. Bamboo growing in an area where land values are increasing is often cleared to make way for construction.
在地价飙升的地区，竹林会被清除来盖房子。这与竹子被清理之后，是否是一种合理经济的建筑材料无关。

二丫00

775. The introduction of new drugs into the market is frequently prevented by a shortage of human subjects for the clinical trials needed to show that the drugs are safe and effective. Since the lives and health of people in future generations may depend on treatments that are currently experimental, practicing physicians are morally in the wrong when, in the absence of any
treatment proven to be effective, they fail to encourage suitable patients to volunteer for clinical trials.
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the conclusion of the argument?


逻辑链：
P1：引入新药通常由于由于缺乏能够证明安全有效的临床受试者而被阻止进入市场。由于子孙后代的生命和健康取决于目前还在实验阶段的治疗方案。
P2：
C：如果目前没有足够多的受试者，由于医生没有多鼓励志愿者参与该方案，这对其医德是怀疑的。
问怎样削弱结论。可以提出尊重病人主观意愿；新药的有效的风险存疑等，说明医生没有多鼓励并不存在道德风险。


A. Many drugs undergoing clinical trials are intended for the treatment of conditions for which there is currently no effective treatment.
目前在临床试验的很多药物对应没有有效解决方案的病症。医生应该多鼓励。
B. Patients do not share the physician’s professional concern for public health, but everyone has a moral obligation to alleviate suffering when able to do so.
病人不需要承担医生的道德风险，但是每个人都有义务在力所能及的情况下减低suffering。医生应该多鼓励。
C. Usually, half the patients in a clinical trial serve as a control group and receive a nonactive drug in place of the drug being tested.
讲了试验的客观过程，对照组的问题。没有显示出道德风险。
D. An experimental drug cannot legally be made available to patients unless those patients are subjects in clinical trials of the drug.
除非有的病人需求这种临床试验的药物，否则试验阶段的药物不能开给病人。由于这种法律障碍，医生应该多鼓励。
E. Physicians have an overriding moral and legal duty to care for the health and safety of their current patients.
由于医生负有对病人安全健康的首要责任，所以在未经证实的情况下药物不能开给病人。选E。

二丫00

774. Proposed new safety rules for the Beach City airport would lengthen considerably the minimum time between takeoffs from the airport. In consequence, the airport would be able to accommodate 10 percent fewer flights than currently use the airport daily. The city’s operating budget depends heavily on taxes generated by tourist spending, and most of the
tourists come by plane. Therefore, the proposed new safety rules, if adopted, will reduce the revenue available for the operating budget.
The argument depends on assuming which of the following?

逻辑链：
P1：实施新的安全条例将延长起飞之间的最小时长。机场每日能协调的航班比之前少10%。
P2：
C：该城市非常依赖旅游业产生的税收，而且多数旅客乘坐飞机来到该城市。如果实施新的安全条例，会减少政府收入。
问怎样可以使得前提推出结论。
建立P跟C之间的联系，C依靠游客数，P讲的是航班数。游客数=航班数*每一量飞机上的平均人数

A. There are no periods of the day during which the interval between flights taking off from the airport is significantly greater than the currently allowed minimum.
还是在讲间隔时间，并不比规定的最少时间多很多。
B. Few, if any, of the tourists who use the Beach City airport do so when their main destination is a neighboring community and not Beach City itself.
航班上的游客绝少把该城市作为中转城市
C. If the proposed safety rules are adopted, the reduction in tourist numbers will not result mainly from a reduction in the number of tourists who spend relatively little in Beach City.
如果提议的安全措施被采纳，游客人数的减少不会主要是哪些花费较少的游客。花费多的和花费少的游客都有可能减少。
D. Increasing the minimum time between takeoffs is the only way to achieve necessary safety improvements without a large expenditure by the city government on airport enhancements.
增加最小时间是不需要大幅花费政府支出，提高安全水平的唯一方式。
E. The response to the adoption of the new safety rules would not include an increase in the number of passengers per flight.
对新的安全措施的回应不包括增加每个航班上游客数，选E。

二丫00

771. Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
According to the last pre-election poll in Whippleton, most voters believe that the three problems government needs to address, in order of importance, are pollution, crime, and unemployment. Yet in the election, candidates from parties perceived as strongly against pollution were defeated, while those elected were all from parties with a history of opposing legislation designed to reduce pollution. These results should not be taken to indicate that the
poll was inaccurate, however, since __________.


逻辑链：
P1：根据竞选前民意调查，多数投票者认为政府应该强调三个问题，污染、犯罪和失业率。
P2：
C：在竞选中，被认为强烈反对污染的候选人失败了，当选的来自反对立法来减少污染的政党。
这个结果不能被用来证明P1是错误的。

如果前提可以推出来结论，那么胜出的应该是支持反对污染的；如果结论和前提不一致，有两种情况，一种是前提不准确，另一种是选民的意愿发生了变化，或者受到其它因素的影响。
所以补充增加的前提应该是支持民意调查准确的信息。比如民意调查的
样本量、方法等都是合理科学的；选举中发生了一些意外，导致投票发生了变化；选民在投票中除了污染问题，还考虑到其它的问题。

A. some voters in Whippleton do not believe that pollution needs to be reduced
一些选民不认为污染应该被减少
B. every candidate who was defeated had a strong antipollution record
每个被击败的候选者都有反污染的记录
C. there were no issues other than crime, unemployment, and pollution on which the candidates had significant differences of opinion
除了犯罪、失业和污染之外，候选人的意见差别不大
D. all the candidates who were elected were perceived as being stronger against both crime and unemployment than the candidates who were defeated
所有被选上的候选人在打击犯罪和失业方面比未选上的候选人更为强硬，选D
E. many of the people who voted in the election refused to participate in the poll
很多参与投票的人没有参与民意调查

二丫00

770. The difference in average annual income in favor of employees who have college degrees, compared with those who do not have such degrees, doubled between 1980 and 1990. Some analysts have hypothesized that increased competition between employers for employees
with college degrees drove up income for such employees.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the explanation described above?



逻辑链：
P1：假设雇主的竞争增加，使他们提高工资来吸引雇员。
P2：
C：有大学学位雇员的平均年度工资在1980年到1990年翻倍。
一道削弱题，会最大程度放大论证的弱点。如果竞争实际上并没有增加，或者非学位雇员的工资涨得更多。

A. During the 1980s a growing percentage of college graduates, unable to find jobs requiring a college degree, took unskilled jobs.
随着大学毕业生的增多，找不到需要大学学位工作的毕业生接受了不需要技术的工作。表明实际的竞争并没有增加。选A
B. The average age of all employees increased slightly during the 1980s.
雇员的平均年龄轻微增加，对于解释平均工资差距增加无关。
C. The unemployment rate changed very little throughout most of the 1980s.
失业率几乎没有变化。在这种情况下，也有可能学位毕业生的竞争实际增加，其它毕业生的竞争实际减少。
D. From 1980 to 1990 the difference in average income between employees with advanced degrees and those with bachelor’s degrees also increased.
学士学位的平均工资和更高学位的平均工资的差距也在增大，说另一件事，不选
E. During the 1980s there were some employees with no college degree who earned incomes comparable to the top incomes earned by employees with a college degree.
有些没有学位的雇员的工资和大学毕业生一样高