揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第151天 骨量流失

小白斩鸡

请大家在本帖回复：

1. 文章大概结构

2. 自己写的答案

解析+文章翻译明晚微信群里公布

报名活动，加微信号killgmat

关注考什么试微信公众号～获取第一时间考试新闻，心经和经验分享

Diseases associated with aging in women are difficult to correlate explicitly with estrogen deficiency because aging and genetics are important influences in the development of such diseases. A number of studies, however, indicate a profound effect of estrogen deficiency in syndromes such as cardiovascular disease (including atherosclerosis and stroke) and osteoporosis—the loss and increasing fragility of bone in aging individuals.

The amount of bone in the elderly skeleton—a key determinant in its susceptibility to fractures—is believed to be a function of two major factors. The first is the peak amount of bone mass attained, determined to a large extent by genetic inheritance. The marked effect of gender is obvious—elderly men experience only one-half as many hip fractures per capita as elderly women. However, African American women have a lower incidence of osteoporotic fractures than Caucasian women. Other important variables include diet, exposure to sunlight, and physical activity. The second major factor is the rate of bone loss after peak bone mass has been attained. While many of the variables that affect peak bone mass also affect rates of bone loss, additional factors influencing bone loss include physiological stresses such as pregnancy and lactation. It is hormonal status, however, reflected primarily by estrogen and progesterone levels, that may exert the greatest effect on rates of decline in skeletal mass.

1. Based upon the passage, which of the following is LEAST clearly a factor affecting the rate of decline in bone mass?
(A) Gender
(B) Exposure to sunlight
(C) Progesterone levels
(D) Age
(E) Estrogen levels

2. In discussing the “marked effect of gender” (Highlighted), the author assumes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) the difference in incidence of hip fractures is not due instead to different rates of bone loss.
(B) the incidence of hip fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women is representative of the total number of bone fractures among elderly men as compared to elderly women.
(C) elderly women are not more accident-prone than elderly men.
(D) the population upon which the cited statistic is based includes both African Americans and Caucasians.
(E) men achieve peak bone mass at the same age as women.

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the peak amount of bone mass in women
(A) is not affected by either pregnancy or lactation.
(B) is determined primarily by diet.
(C) depends partly upon hormonal status.
(D) may play a role in determining the rate of decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels.
(E) is not dependent upon genetic makeup.

参考答案：

BEA

eer1e

Mark一下！               

哇哇哇wa

已看

joliajjj

文章为总分结构，讲述雌性激素对骨质疏松的影响，第二段讲影响骨量的两大因素，我的答案为eea

sudn

女性中，有些疾病很难与雌激素水平联系联系起来。因为年龄和基因对这些疾病的影响很大。
雌激素水平对cardi和osteo（骨质疏松）这类病影响很大。
骨质量取决于2因素，1:bone mass取决于基因，老男人的骨折率只有女人的一半。，非洲美洲女人的骨折率只有白人女人的的一半。饮食习惯，日照和运动对骨质也有影响。2:骨值到达峰值后开始流失，诸多影响骨质峰值的因素也影响流失的 的速度。如怀孕和lacatation。proges和estrogen反映的荷尔蒙水平对骨质影响最大。

Skylerr

Short story:
        1. 老年病不直接和est缺乏相关，因为有aging、基因等其他因素；研究表明est缺乏会影响一些病比如心血管病、ost骨头病
        2. 两个因素决定老人骨头的量：
                a. 最大骨量。由基因决定，性别也有影响（男的盆骨骨折几率是女的的一半，非洲女的比cau女的的病几率低），其他影响因子包括饮食、照太阳、运动
骨头流失率。影响最大骨量的因素也影响骨头流失率，additional因素有生理压力如怀孕哺乳。荷尔蒙状态也会对骨头流失率有很大影响。

小兔子法尼

P1：描述背景信息，引出雌激素缺乏与女性疾病的关系，进而带出骨质疏松
P2：主要介绍骨折的发生率和两个关键因素相关：高峰骨密度值及骨量流失的速度。并分别介绍两个因素的相关影响因素。

RRRosalie

第一段
-跟女性衰老有关的疾病很难跟estrogen不足相关，因为年龄和基因影响这些疾病的发展
-然而，一些研究发现e不足对一些综合症（如cardio…和osteo…）有巨大影响

第二段
-年老骨骼中的骨头数量与两个因素有关
·骨头的最高质量（由很多基因因素决定）
     性别影响显著（举例：老男人经历hip骨折只有老女人一半）
     (转折)AA女人比C女人骨折的几率小
     其他变量：diet、exposure、activity
·骨头质量达到最高后的流失速度
     影响bone质量的变量也影响流失速度
     其他变量：stress（举例：怀孕、母乳）
     受e和p影响的荷尔蒙状态可能greatest影响流失速度

salamanca

1.女性老龄化并不一定就会骨量流失，因为老化并不是唯一原因，老化和基因都是造成这种疾病的重要原因。一些研究表明，骨量流失会导致心脑血管疾病以及骨质疏松
2.老年人的骨量主要由两个重要因素决定。第一是骨质量最高点，这主要是由基因遗传决定。同时这一因素在不同性别中的差异也很明显，老年男性经历的膝关节脆弱比老年女性少。然而非洲女性比普通女性又要少，这是受其他关键因素的影响，如饮食，日光晒时常，以及物理运动。第二个关键因素是达到骨质最高点后的骨量流失率，许多影响骨质最高的因素也影响骨量流失率，但此外诸如怀孕和分娩也会影响流失率。然而是荷尔蒙水平反映了骨质水平，同时也会对流失率产生最大影响。

svwma

B
A-E
C-A