揽瓜阁阅读做题小分队 第114天 种族歧视和性别歧视

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The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented, and policy makers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination. That there exist differences in income between white and black people is clear, but it is not so clear that these differences are solely the result of racial discrimination in employment. The two groups differ in productivity, so basic economics dictates that their incomes will differ.

To obtain a true measure of the effect of racial discrimination in employment it is necessary to adjust the gross black/ white income ratio for these productivity factors. White women in urban areas have a higher educational level than black women and can be expected to receive larger incomes. Moreover, state distribution of residence is important because blacks are over-represented in the South where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater. Also, black people are over-represented in large cities; incomes of black people would be greater if black people were distributed among cities of different sizes in the same manner as white people.

After standardization for these productivity factors, the income of black urban women is estimated to be between 108 and 125 percent of the income of white women. This indicates that productivity factors more than account for the actual white/black income differential for women. Despite their greater education, white women’s actual median income is only 2 to 5 percent higher than that of black women in the North. Unlike the situation of men, the evidence indicates that the money income of black urban women was as great as, or greater than, that of whites of similar productivity in the North, and probably in the United States as a whole. For men, however, the adjusted black/white income ratio is approximately 80 percent.

At least two possible hypotheses may explain why the adjustment for productivity more than accounts for the observed income differential for women, whereas the income differential persists for men. First, there may be more discrimination against black men than against black women. The different occupational structures for men and women give some indication why this could be the case, and institutionalized considerations—for example, the effect of unionization in cutting competition— may also contribute. Second, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of discrimination against women differs little between white and black people. Therefore, racial discrimination adds little to the effects of existing sex discrimination.
These findings suggest that a black woman does not necessarily suffer relatively more discrimination in the labor market than does a white woman. Rather, for women, the effects of sexual discrimination are so pervasive that the effects of racial discrimination are negligible. Of course, this is not to say that the more generalized racial discrimination of which black women, like black men, are victims does not disadvantage black women in their search for work. After all, one important productivity factor is level of education, and the difference between white and black women on this scale is largely the result of racial discrimination.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain the reasons for the existence of income differentials between men and women
(B) show that racial discrimination against black women in employment is less important than sexual discrimination
(C) explore the ways in which productivity factors such as level of education influence the earning power of black workers
(D) sketch a history of racial and sexual discrimination against black and female workers in the labor market
(E) offer some suggestions as to how public officials and private employers can act to solve the problem of discrimination against black women

2. According to the passage, the gross black/white income ratio is not an accurate measure of discrimination in employment because the gross ratio
(A) fails to include large numbers of black workers who live in the large cities and in the South
(B) must be adjusted to reflect the longer number of hours and greater number of days worked by black employees
(C) represents a subjective interpretation by the statistician of the importance of factors such as educational achievement
(D) is not designed to take account of the effects of the long history of racial discrimination
(E) includes income differences attributable to real economic factors and not to discrimination

3. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the income level of black women and that of black men?
(A) In general, black men earn less money than do black women.
(B) On the average, black women in the South earn less money than do black men in large northern cities.
(C) Productivity factors have a greater dollar value in the case of black women.
(D) Black men have a higher income level than black women because black men have a higher level of education.
(E) The difference between income levels for black and white women is less than that for black and white men.

4. Which of the following best describes the logical relationship between the two hypotheses presented (Text in Blue)?
(A) The two hypotheses may both be true since each phenomenon could contribute to the observed differential.
(B) The two hypotheses are contradictory, and if one is proved to be correct, the other is proved incorrect.
(C) The two hypotheses are dependent on each other, and empirical disconfirmation of the one is disconfirmation of the other.
(D) The two hypotheses are logically connected, so that proof of the first entails the truth of the second.
(E) The two hypotheses are logically connected, so that it is impossible to prove either one to be true without also proving the other to be true.

5. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage?
(A) Confident and overbearing
(B) Ill-tempered and brash
(C) Objective and critical
(D) Tentative and inconclusive
(E) Hopeful and optimistic

6. If the second hypothesis mentioned by the author (Text in Red) is correct, a general lessening of the discrimination against women should lead to
(A) a higher white/black income ratio for women
(B) a lower white/black income ratio for women
(C) lower female/male income ratio
(D) an increase in the productivity of women
(E) an increase in the level of education of women

7. The author’s attitude toward racial and sexual discrimination in employment can best be described as one of
(A) apology
(B) concern
(C) indifference
(D) indignation
(E) anxiety

参考答案：
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setmefree1

BEEACBB- 就业中种族歧视和性别歧视被很好的记录，政策制定者和雇主负责人对黑人女性职员的困境异常敏感，认为被双重歧视。黑人白人见的收入差距是明显的，但是这些差距仅是种族歧视的结果是不清晰的。两群体在生产力上有差异，所以基础经济学决定收入会有差距。
- 为获得种族歧视的影响的真正测量，有必要调整这些生产因素的黑/白收入比例。城市的白女比黑女友更高的教育水平，被认为获得更高的收入。除此之外，居住地分布重要因为南部黑人占比过多，收入比率比其他地区低，收入的种族区别更显著。黑人在大城市比例大，如果在不同规模城市的分布和白人一样，黑人收入会更多。
- 这些生产因素标准化处理后，城市黑女收入被预测是白女的108%到125%。这表明生产力因素对黑人白人实际收入影响很大。尽管他们更好的教育，北方白女的实际收入中位数仅比黑女高2%到5%。和男人的情况不一样，证据表明城市黑女收入和北方类似生产力的白人一样，甚至更高，甚至整个美国。但是男人调整的黑白收入比例大约是80%
- 至少两个可能的假设能解释为什么生产力的调整解释观测的女人收入差异，然而男收入差异持续存在。首先，黑男比黑女存在更多的歧视。男女职业结构说明了为什么会这样，制度化的考虑例如工会化减少竞争也可能起作用。第二，数据和黑白对女歧视强度的假设差别不大相一致。因此，种族歧视对性别歧视的影响几乎没增加。
- 这些发现说明黑女没有比白女在劳动力市场上收到更多歧视。相反，对妇女来说，性别歧视如此常见以至于种族歧视的影响可以忽略。当然，这并不意味着，黑女和黑男一样都是更普遍的种族歧视的受害者，黑人女性在找工作时不会处于不利地位。总之，一个重要的生产力因素是教育水平，黑白女在这一层面上的差异是种族歧视的结果。

_Sparkle_

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jiajiajiayi

CAEACAB

ccccherry

BCEACBB

hedy1210

Mark一下！               

lfengi

C E E D C B A

山言寺林

1. 提出种族歧视和性别歧视两个现象的存在，但是作者认为黑人和白人收入的差距不能仅用种族歧视来解释
2. productivity是影响收入的一个因素，所以要调整，列举了几个原因说明productivity本身有差异
3. 调整之后比较发现在女性群体中，productivity的影响程度更大，但是在男性群体中racial的影响程度比较大
4. 提出假设男女之间不同的原因：一是对男性的歧视更严重，二是种族歧视相比性别歧视影响较小
5. qualify自己的观点，并不排除racial在女性之间不存在
BEEACBB

yu33

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Sylvia_Ah

求解，最后一题哪里能看出来concern呢？