揽瓜阁做题小分队 第22天 穷国债务减免

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Relieving an impoverished country of its debt would seem to almost unavoidably help the citizens of that nation. Indeed, health care and education spending is now greater than debt service payments in many countries that have been granted partial debt relief by the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative launched by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and complete debt relief by the supplementary Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Several factors, however, have kept these programs from becoming truly transformational.

For a nation to qualify for the HIPC, it must have a level of debt that cannot be managed through traditional means. The removal of this enormous burden means that badly needed resources can go to programs that aid needy citizens, just as is intended. However, the HIPC has strict rules that sharply limit this spending. In some cases, teachers are not hired and HIV/AIDS tests are not administered because the sudden spending might lead to macroeconomic instability. This is a paradox that must be confronted: Poor nations need to spend money desperately but wisely.

A more daunting obstacle is the lack of a private sector in many of the countries that are served by the HIPC. Property rights may be virtually non-existent. Without individuals and businesses willing and able to invest resources in their own country, progress can be glacial. Outside investors are forced to deal not with business partners as such, but with governmental agencies ranging from the inept to the murderously corrupt. There is no guarantee that funds meant for a hospital or school will ever find their way to the intended destination, whether because of corruption or the sheer difficulty of moving goods around in a place that is, as is so often the case in truly poor countries, at war.

Debt relief remains an important tool in reducing the terrible suffering that affects so many people in the underdeveloped world. However, it is not enough to clean the slate and say, “start anew.” Without the willingness on the part of the governing body to allow its citizens to take part in their own development, and without the right balance of emergency spending and careful investment, unmanageable debt will return, as evidenced by nations that have been borrowing money faster than their debt can be relieved.

1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the contents of the passage?
(A) Debt Relief as a Tool for Increasing Private Investment in Impoverished Nations
(B) The Difficulties of Implementing Debt Relief in Very Poor Countries
(C) Obstacles to Channeling Aid to Needy Destinations in Very Poor Countries
(D) The Inherent Flaws in Debt Relief Programs
(E) HIPC: Well-Meaning, but Insufficient

2. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a difficulty associated with debt relief?
(A) Long-term needs have to be addressed at the same time as more immediate one.
(B) Nations that need debt relief are often in the midst of violent conflicts.
(C) Debt relief can swiftly be replaced by new debt.
(D) Private investors in very poor countries are often corrupt.
(E) The pace of development in poor nations can be extremely slow.

3. According to the passage, a nation receiving assistance from the HIPC _______.
(A) must not be engaged in a war in which it is an aggressor
(B) must have at least a minimal amount of privately held property, including businesses
(C) must not have a level of debt that can be managed through a typical debt relief program
(D) is required to allow ordinary citizens input regarding the use of resources that have been made available through the initiative
(E) would also be eligible for assistance from the MDRI

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding some of the nations that have received assistance from the HIPC initiative and from the MDRI?
(A) They have histories of macroeconomic instability.
(B) Debt service payments once exceeded the amount of money that was spent on schools and hospitals.
(C) Property rights had to be established prior to receiving the assistance.
(D) Civil war sharply limited the amount of debt relief provided.
(E) The citizens were unwilling to take part in their nations’ development.

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BDCB

andyhhhh

BACC

B及站士

P1.
1. Context: Relieving a poor country’s debt -> help citizens
2. Countries get debt relief: health care & education spending > the debt payments
3. Difficulties: debt relief programs have some limitations

P2.
1. Limitation(1): the HIPC has strict rules of debt relieve spending
2. Example: education & health spending(X) -> Poor nations need to spend money wisely

P3.
1. Limitation(2): the lack of a private sector -> property rights (X)
2. Elaborate: government may be corrupt -> funds go to the intended destination (X)

P4.
1. Limitation(3): Debt relief is important but not a panacea
2. Argument: citizens should take apart in development + right balance of emergency spending and careful investment
2. Elaborate: nations burrow money faster than they spend -> unmanageable debt will return

andyhhhh

一、簡介兩個國際債務資助計畫
A1-解救一些貧困國家的的債務狀況可以幫助該國人民，現在這些國家的健康及教育支出其實都比債務支出來得高，他們被HIPC部分資助，或是被MDRI全額資助，然而有些因素使得這兩個計畫無法真正轉型


二、其中一個計畫的限制條件及困境

E1-對一個符合HIPC條件的國家，它應有一定程度的債務是無法由傳統手段被管理的。移除這個沈重的負擔代表亟需的資源可以如同預期地資助到需要的人。然而，H有嚴格的標準限制這個資助，有些狀況，他們無法聘用新的老師或是愛滋檢測無法實施，因為突然大量的支出可能導致經濟失調。這是一個必須被解決的困境：貧困國家需要錢，但需要聰明地花錢

三、再深入說明其他限制條件及困境

E2-更令人氣餒的是，在很多國家缺乏H服務的私營單位，財產權幾乎不存在，若沒有個人或企業願意投資自身的國家，這個過程就會是冰冷的。外部投資人就被迫無法跟企業組織合作，而要轉和政府單位合作，他們要嘛無能差一點就還會貪污。無法保證資助款能真的到達目的地，不論原因是貪污或是資金移動本身就很困難，如戰爭區域。

四、作者觀點：債務資助還是重要的，我們要注意一些因素

A2-債務資助對於解決貧困國家人民仍然很重要，然而不足以說我們開始一個新的資助吧。若沒有政府允許人民參與發展的意願，以及沒有正確的緊急支出及謹慎投資的平衡，無法控制的債務終將回歸，因為有證據指出這些國家已經開始借款的速度高於他們解決債務的速度。

BDBB

屯个名字

P1:提出减轻贫困国家债务的困境
很多组织减轻贫困国家债务——>贫困国家医疗教育支出大于偿债支出——>但是有几个因素会阻碍这些项目实现真正的变革

P2:困境1
一个国家想加入HIPC，必须有传统方式不可管理的债务水平——哪怕债务免除，也需要保证经济稳定而推迟一些民生工程

P3:困境2
穷国没有私营部门——>(后果)HIPC不得不与无能腐败的政府打交道——>资金可能用不到医疗和教育上

P4: Debt relief对不发达国家很重要，但是只依靠这样远远不够

NikitaHan

穷国债务减免
P1: 对穷国进行债务减免毫无疑问可以帮助穷国的人民。确实，通过债务减免，这些国家的医疗和教育支出超过了债务支出。部分债务豁免是由HIPC所支持，全部债务豁免是由MDRI所支持。但是，有一些因素使得债务减免变得复杂。

P2: 想要满足HIPC的条件，必须是通过传统方式无法解决的债务。财务豁免省下的钱必须要花在有需要得人民身上。但是，HIPC对于怎么花这笔钱有着严格的限制。在某些情况下，这笔钱甚至不能用来雇佣老师或治疗HIV，因为可能会引起宏观经济的动荡。

P3: 另一个阻碍是，在很多这样的穷国，他们缺乏这样一个被HIPC所服务的私人部门。没有本国的个人或者公司愿意投资，这些国家的发展很慢。外国的公司想要进来进行投资，必须要跟腐败的政府合作。所以没办法保证这些钱会流向那些需要的人手里。特别是在这些发生战争的穷国。

P4: 债务豁免对于减少穷国负担是一项重要的工具。但是，并不是简单的一句重新开始就可以的。如果国家不能让自己的人民参与到国家的建设当中，不能在必要的紧急花费和长远投资中找到平衡，债务依旧会返回。

作者观点：提出债务减免是个很好的举措，但是也存在很多问题，具体说了2点困难。最后提出建议。

NinaTongTong

1: Relieving a poor country of its debt is important. HIPC launched by IMF + WB, along with the MDRI helped to relieve the debt. however, implementation is difficult.
2. HIPC = a country that has a level of debt that cannot be managed by traditional means. HIPC at the one hand needs the resources and on the other hand has rules that limit this spending. Sudden spending might lead to macroeconomic instability. Poor countries need to spend money desperately but wisely.
3. HIPC countries lack a private sector. Property rights are non-existent. thus local investors don't exist and outside investors are forced to deal with corrupt governmental agencies. No guarantee exists for the fund and its intended destination.
4. Dept relief is important but not sufficient. Citizens should take part in their own development and the country should balance the spending and careful investment. Otherwise, the debt will return.

alexandracici12

时间:5:41
大意: 解释说明。为什么H和M的部分和全部负债清楚没有太大效用。

1.H可部分、M可全部清楚穷国的债务，将钱给到国家真的需要的地方，但是M和H的项目很少奏效
2.H不奏效，是因为对穷国如果花这些钱，有很高的限制
3.M不奏效，是因为穷国没有真正属于私人的企业，给到政府，政府总是贪污
4.M和H的项目并不会给穷国真正的新开始，而是需要个人和政府的平衡，以及对紧急用钱还有明智的investment投入，不然debt仍然会回来

1 B
A
B-
C-
D
E
2 D
A
B
C=
D
E
3 C
A-
B
C
D
E
4 C(B)
A\
B
C
D
E\

svwma

BDCA

大月亮cyn

Day22 BACB
2. C  corrupt 腐败的，文中讲的是没有private investor，腐败的是政府，A提到了 the right
balance of emergency spending and careful investment 指的是immediate needs 和Long-term needs