揽瓜阁做题小分队 第2天 biological changes at the molecular level

小白斩鸡

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1. 文章大概结构
2. 自己写的答案

It is well known that biological changes at the molecular level have morphogenetic consequences, consequences affecting the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs. It is superfluous to point out that gene mutations and disturbances of the bio-synthetic processes in the embryo may result in abnormalities in the morphology (structure) of an organism. However, whereas much is known about causes and consequences at the molecular level, and in spite of an enormous accumulation of chemical and morphological data on embryos of various kinds, our understanding of how genes control morphogenesis is still far from complete. Perhaps one reason for this is that molecular biologists and morphologists speak different languages. Whereas the former speak about messenger-RNA and conformational changes of protein molecules, the latter speak of ectoderms, hypoblasts, and neural crests.

One solution to this predicament is to try to find some phenomena relevant to morphogenesis which both the molecular biologist and the morphologist can understand and discuss. As morphogenesis must be basically the result of changes in behavior of the individual cells, it seems logical to ask morphologists to describe the morphogenetic events observed in terms of changes in cellular contact, changes in the rate of proliferation of cells, or similar phenomena. Once this is done, it may be appropriate to ask questions about the molecular background for these changes. One may, for instance, ask whether variations in cell contact reflect alterations in the populations of molecules at the cell surface, or one may inquire about the molecular basis for the increased cell mobility involved in cell dispersion.

Studies of this kind have been carried out with cells released from tissues in various ways and then allowed to reveal their behavior after being spread out into a thin layer. In many cases, such cells show the ability to reaggregate, after which different cell types may sort themselves out into different layers and even take part in still more intricate morphogenetic events. But in most cases, the behavior of cells in the intact embryo is difficult to study because of the thickness and opacity of the cell masses. The sea urchin embryo, however, has the advantage that it is so transparent that each cell can be easily observed throughout development. Thus, by recording the development of a sea urchin embryo with time-lapse photography, the research scientist might discover previously unknown features of cellular behavior. Perhaps the study of the sea urchin in this manner can provide a medium by which the molecular biologist and the morphologist can begin communicating with each other more effectively about the way in which genes control morphogenesis.

1. The author’s primary purpose is to

(A) outline a procedure and discuss possible applications

(B) evaluate an experiment in terms of its applicability to medical research

(C) propose a method for curing specific genetic disorders

(D) explain a problem and suggest a solution for it

(E) reveal the shortcomings of several attitudes toward genetic research

2. The author states that research into the genetic control of morphogenesis has been impeded by

(A) an incomplete understanding of biomolecular reactions that are highly complex

(B) a lack of communication between scientists whose work could be complementary

(C) a reluctance on the part of morphologists to share data with molecular biologists

(D) a lack of research in the area of morphology

(E) the unavailability of suitable research equipment

3. It can be inferred from the passage that some cells that have been isolated from an organism have the ability to

(A) control morphogenesis

(B) reform to make higher organisms

(C) reorganize to form clusters of cells

(D) regulate the transmission of light through the cell wall

(E) regulate the rate of tissue formation

4. According to the passage, it is difficult to study cells in most intact embryos because

(A) morphogenetic events cannot be isolated

(B) embryos die quickly

(C) embryos are difficult to obtain

(D) individual cells reaggregate too quickly

(E) individual cells are difficult to see

参考答案，做完才看 ：）

DBCE

坚持做不到

p1 分子层面的生理变化会影响组织和器官的形成和分化
p2 solution
p3 解释说明
dbcc

andyhhhh

DBCE

pebble2024

DCCE

P1: Problem: cause and consequence at molecular level.
One reason
P2:One solution: mo- biologist and morphologist
P3: Studies: cell behavior, but in most cases,  sea embryo however, thus
last sentence: sea urchin study

第二题错：原文内容：”the molecular biologist and the morphologist can begin communicating with each other more effectively about the way in which genes control morphogenesis.“和B同义。
Impede 妨碍，阻止
Complementary 互补的
Reluctance不情愿，厌恶

joliajjj

文章结构
P1 背景：基因控制形态-了解甚少的原因是科学家之间的语言不通
P2 提出一个方案-尽可能找多的现象以便于科学家之间的交流
P3 研究分析--举例：海胆发育过程

我的答案：DBCE

13659111111

P1 gene对morhogenesis的control的研究进行困难，因为两拨人不说同一种话
P2 怎么解决这个问题，就是找一个两拨人都了解的实验
P3 这种实验已经有了，但是实验对象不好找，找到了S U这个东西，可能用它做实验能解决之前的问题
DBCE

屯个名字

P1：提出问题：molecular level如何控制基因未知
1.（提出问题）molecular changes——> morphogenetic consequences——>formation and differentiation of tissues and organs;
embryo——> morphology (structure) of an organism
但是，molecular changes仍然未知
2.（问题的原因） predicament between molecular biologists and morphologists

P2：解决问题：如何进行molecular level的探索(理论上)
1.Find phenomena- biologist and the morphologist can understand and discuss
2.morphogenetic events in individual cells——>molecular background——>举例：细胞表面细胞交流的分子数量；细胞分裂的分子基础

P3: 可供研究的对象-具体的phenomena
1.什么样的细胞：
cells released from tissues in various ways and then allowed to reveal their behavior；
cells show the ability to re-aggregate
——>但是一般的胚胎细胞很难被观测到
——>sea urchin embryo例外——>the molecular biologist and the morphologist can begin communicating with each other

DBCE 6’40”

吾铜wt

DBCE（先做的答案，再慢慢精读。第三题是蒙的，用了十分钟超时了，主要是后两题定位不好。）
第一段总结：科学家们了解了很多知识，但是对于原理了解得不够多，其中一个原因就是因为两类科学家说着不同的语言。
第二段总结：提出一个解决上述两种科学家speak different language的方法。
第三段总结：上述方法已经在实施。讲述了这种方法的难点，以及说发现了一种urchin细胞可以克服这种难点，用urchin的实验可以作为一种媒介来让上述两种科学家们communicating的例子。
总结：超时问题是第三题读题有问题，对单词意思理解不到位。Have been isolated from an organism 意思是被从组织中分离出来，而不是独处的。

B及站士

P1. 生物學上分子會影響型態發生但未被充分了解, 作者提出分子學家跟型態學家交流上的隔閡
P2. 提出一個解決方法, 找到某種研究室雙方有共識且能討論的
P3. 此方法有些限制, 故又提了觀察海膽的方式(特別的生物體徵好觀察)
---
P1.
1. Common view: biological changes at the molecular level -> morphogenetic changes (the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs)
2. Argument: how genes control morphogenesis is not fully understand
3. Problem: molecular biologists and morphologists speak different languages

P2.
1. Solution: find phenomena (molecular biologist & morphologist can discuss)
2. Elaborate: changes in behavior of individual cells -> morphogenesis
        morphogenetic events observed in cellular ways -> molecular background

P3.
1. Problem: the thickness and opacity of the cell masses -> behavior of cells study(X)
2. Solution: sea urchin embryo (transparent) -> easily observed cellular behavior
3. Conclusion: the study of the sea urchin -> the way in which genes control morphogenesis

提拉拉拉

1.KS：原子阶段的生理改变会导致形态基因的结果。
S：提出一个现象，并且解释现象仍未被很好解释的原因。
C：原子阶段的生理改变会导致形态基因的结果。虽然看起来很简单，但是现在的科学研究仍未能很好地解释。原因在于原子生物学家和形态学家关注的层面不同，无法沟通交流。
2.预期：上面提出原因，下面解决，
One solution
首句重点：找到一个能够共同理解的形态基因的现象。
S：这段为上面提出的问题呈现了解决方案。
C：方案：找到一个能够共同理解的形态基因的现象。先从结果的形态基因改变开始，过渡到原子层面的研究。
3.S:针对上面说的解决方案说明机制以及提出一个具体方式，貌似还没实施。
C：根据首句时态知道研究已经开展，但是however很难实施，有difficulty，然而有一个海胆很好实施，might和perhaps表明还没，说明未来的方向可以从这个地方入手。