【每日逻辑训练营】（第二天)

小白斩鸡

Day2

打卡格式：

1. 做每题所化的时间 （可以让大家更好的把握自己的pace）
2. 逻辑链 （大家平时练习最重要是梳理好GMAT逻辑链）
3. 5个选项简单分析 （正确正确在哪，错误错误在哪）

打卡模版：

时间：2‘15

逻辑链：Premise：voles live in large groups from late autumn through winter, live in smaller groups from spring through early autumn.

Conclusion：the mortality among young voles can explain the seasonal variation in group.
Logic: because the cold/food, the voles dead, they are together form late autumn through winter.
选项：
A.提到young voles 但是时间段the spring and early summer 不对。Pass
B.无关。
C.spring食物丰富，时间段不对。
D.时间点没有严格对应 late atumn 没有E严格。
E.bingo 时间完全对应。简单推断也向到mortality，所以选E

2-1 Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?

• It is the main conclusion of the argument.
• It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.
• It is a judgment that the argument opposes.
• It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
• It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
  

2-2 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.

• early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life
• the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol
• RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has
• RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees
• the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet
  

2-3 Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?

• The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
• Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
• In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
• In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
• The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
  

2-4 Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.

In the economist’s argument, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles?

• The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
• The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.
• The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.
• The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
• Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
  

2-5 (Weaken题变体) Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.

Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.

Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?

• Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.
• A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.
• A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.
• It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.
• Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.
  

2-6 Which of following most logically completes the argument?

The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.

• some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump
• fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France
• animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize
• the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago
• only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump
  

2-7 Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.

If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?

• At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
• At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
• At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
• At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
• At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.
  

2-8 Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.

The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?

• The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
• Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
• The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
• The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
• The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.
  

2-9 Newspaper editorial:

In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

• Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
• Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
• The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
• Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
• The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.
  

2-10 Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.

Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?

• The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that dose not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.
• The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.
• The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.
• Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
• Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.
  

妥妥

2-1   

时间: 2‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise： 在过去的十年中，森林中受保护的黑熊数量急剧增加，对在猎鹿季节发现死于森林中的黑熊的调查显示，最近有一些黑熊以鹿为食。

Conclusion：过去十年,仅仅是猎人被认为是森林公园鹿数量下降的原因.但是黑熊也起到了重要作用.

主要论点就是猎人并不是鹿数量下降的原因,黑熊也很重要. 所以黑体部分是主要结论.选A

选项：

A.属于结论,选A

B.没有人反对主要结论,排除

C.没有反对, 只是陈述上有转折

D.并不是论据,而是结论,排除

E.同上,排除

2-2   

时间: 3‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：G花钱帮员工检测和治疗胆固醇,能省钱

Conclusion：Renco不能省钱,没采取这个方案

选项：

A.治疗无法减少发病,无关

B.媒体???无关

C.员工多更应该治,省的更多,排除

D.无关

E.Renco员工待得时间比G员工要短,正确

2-3   

时间: 3‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：

Conclusion：仅仅看到信用卡徽标会使许多信用卡持有人愿意花更多的钱

选项：

A.无关

B.有还钱负担的人,付钱的倾向要比没有徽标的托盘少。增强.这个好像双重否定啊,好绕

C.用现金支付是因为没信用卡,无关

D.现金结账给的多,没说道logo的事情无关

E.无关

2-4   

时间: 2‘15   

逻辑链： 黑脸劝退，放一下明天研究

Premise：

Conclusion：

选项：

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

2-5   

时间: 2

逻辑链：

Premise：改变院子里的节水景观可以减少户外用水,节约用水还能省钱

Conclusion：有院子的人一年省了不到20美元, 不能满足换景观的花的钱

选项：

A.院子里没有没节水景观可以用屋里安装来节水,无关

B.常规景观其实还需要更多钱在肥料和除草上,增强原文,削弱了批评,选B

C.多少居民有院子和节水装置省钱没关系

D.节水费用不比传统装置费用高,其实和改变装置没关系

E.水用在哪里和省钱没关系

2-6   

时间: 3‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：法国的史前洞穴壁画描绘的是这种动物的背上有一个大驼峰。然而，这种动物的化石没有表现出任何驼峰。

Conclusion：因此洞穴壁画在这方面并不是不准确的。

选项：

A.其他动物和结论无关

B.普遍程度和结论前提无关

C.相关，可选C

D.无关

E.无关，排除

2-7   

时间: 4‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：上周四发出的五份特别订购的货物。上周五发出的所有货物是建筑用品，周末关闭。上周有四批货物被送到Truax ，其中只有三批是建筑材料。

Conclusion：

选项：

A.无法推出有没有特备订购的货物送到Truax

B.没有提到特订是不是建筑材料

C.没提到

D.不确定

E.应该是，因为周末不能发，选E吧

2-8   

时间: 2‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：吸烟疾病由香烟中的焦油引起，但尼古丁成瘾让人戒不掉。Sandonia 的立法者计划讲每支烟的尼古丁减半

Conclusion：已经上瘾的人会抽更多

选项：

A.上瘾的人也需吸的更多，焦油更多，正确

B.无法推出

C.无法推出烟民抽烟数减少

D.复吸，无关

E.不确定

2-9   

时间: 2‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：为了降低犯罪率，州长对罪犯采取了严厉措施，拒绝囚犯接受大学课程，

Conclusion：此举显然与州长的最终目标背道而驰，因为出狱后接受课程的人再犯的比较少。

选项：

A.进入监狱后上不了大学改变不了已经做了的事情 ，无关

B.和普通人是无关比较

C.想上课就不太想犯罪了，选C

D.大学还是高中课程和假设无关

E.说服人们获得声望，无关

2-10   

时间: 2‘15   

逻辑链：

Premise：每年秋天迁徙到南美的咖啡种植园的某种鸟的数量最近减少了，因为消除了人工林。

Conclusion：scot：鸟最爱吃的有种虫的数量下降，这更有可能是鸟数量减少的原因

选项：

A.不吃蚜虫的鸟也减少了，削弱，选A

B.和虫的病无关

C.没有削弱逻辑关系，排除

D.迁移到别的地方了，无关

E.无关

_Salaxy_

2-1
        时间：1’30
        逻辑链：
Yet clearly后面是main conclusion，之后都是P对C的解释说明。
        选项：
A：√
B：文章并没有对立观点不存在objection，并且黑体句自己就是C
C：没有对立，argument本身的C就是这句
D：是C不是P
E：是C不是P

2-2
        时间：2’30
        逻辑链：这题很卡壳，“This policy”指代的啥没弄明白。
P：G和R都为员工提供健康福利。G既为员工支付体检测试费，又支付hc的治疗费。
一项政策可以帮G省下高额治疗费用。
矛盾：但R并没有和G相同的财政激励。原因是？
        选项：
A：只是说了hc的细节，和R无关。
B：与R无关
C：无法解释，R员工越多更应该需要policy 来save money才对
D：与患病率高低的可能性无关
E：员工在R平均就职时间少于G，合理解释

2-3
        时间：2’15
        逻辑链：
P：用现金买单的人看到账单的信用卡logo会给更多的小费。
C：看到信用卡标志使持卡人愿意消费更多，因为这提醒他们有比手边可获取现金更多的购买力。
分析原因型—加强题
        选项：
A：无关。Effect不局限于有信用卡的人，没有信用卡的人也有这个effect？
B：√ 有信用卡还款压力的人看到信用卡标记就会给更少的tips，反之，没有还款压力的人给的tips相比之下是多的。
C：削弱。
D：与两类人付小费多少无关
E：无关

2-4
        时间：1’10
        逻辑链：
        正方Economist：However前面都是正方，第一句是P，第二句是C
        反方Environmentalist：However后面第一句是反方的C
        选项：
A：第一句是反方environmentalist而非正方Economist的P。
B：同上
C：√
D：第二句是反方C而非正方C
E：一个P一个C，且阵营是反方environmentalist

2-5
        时间：1’45
        逻辑链：
正方Brochure：提议将传统耕地转换为节水耕地，可以大大降低水资源使用，节省成本。
反方Criticism：节省的钱微不足道，甚至不能覆盖变更土地的费用。
反对反方即支持正方。节水耕地更好
        选项：
A：削弱。
B：√传统耕地比节水耕地需要更多的肥料除草的费用。
C：只讨论有yard的转换土地方案优劣问题，无关其他人有没有土地
D：没有B好，直接削弱更优
E：some部分人的观点没有代表性，并且与水的用处无关

2-6
        时间：1’30
        逻辑链：
矛盾：①画师在洞穴里画出巨大的hump在鹿背上。②但鹿化石并没有hump
        选项：
A：和画师是否depict其他动物无关
B：与鹿化石的常见与否无关
C：√完美解释
D：没有解释
E：无法解释

2-7
        时间：2’40
        逻辑链：
P：①5件特殊订单上周四发出。②所有在上周五发出的订单都有bs。③上周有4件货物送到TC，仅有3件有bs。
        选项：归纳
A：不一定
B：√
C：不一定
D：不一定，因为也有可能是周四或其他日期发出的订单。
E：不一定

2-8
        时间：2’10
        逻辑链：
Goal：decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses
Plan：reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years
加强-plan可以达到goal
        选项：
A：削弱
B：削弱
C：√直接support
D：无关
E：无关

2-9
        时间：1.57
        逻辑链：
Goal：reduce the crime rate
Plan：getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher
假设取反削弱：plan达不到goal
        选项：
A：无关
B：反向相反
C：√
D：无关
E：无关

2-10
        时间：2’32
        逻辑链：
K：TW数量减少是因为coffee plantation密集程度↓
S：主要食物SB减少，所以TW才减少
        选项：反驳S，即支持K
A：√
B：无关
C：无关
D：无关
E：无关

Amaranth-

2-1 Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
It is the main conclusion of the argument.
It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.并没有反对文章结论
It is a judgment that the argument opposes.并没有反对文章结论
It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain. 黑体句并不是一个发现，而是文章的结论
It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.黑体句是结论本身
时间：39’  答案：a
黑体句前面有个转折词yet，而黑体句后又有in the past ten years，可推断此后跟的一定是某种事实或现象，那么黑体句便是本文的结论所在
2-2 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __a____.
early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life 早期的诊治并不能完全消除晚期得病的可能性，就是说晚期仍旧可能得病。
the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol 鼓励不鼓励人们是一回事，而人们究竟能不能得这种病是另一回事
RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has r与g的员工人数比较没有意义
RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees
r的员工不可能有比g员工更高的c水平这与本体无关
the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet 无关
时间：2’52 答案：a
逻辑链：gr两个公司都为职工提供医疗服务。g为员工的测试以及手术付费，因此可以省钱，因为这种病如果一直不治后期费用高昂。而r没有同样的动机去实行这样的政策，问原因。
2-3 Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards. 无关
Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.有还款压力的人看到logo往往会给的更少比起没有logo，这个起不到支持作用
In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.在研究的所有案例中，用现金付款的客人都是没有信用卡的，一定程度上驳斥了心理学家的假设
In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card. 支持了假设，用现金付款的看到logo会给更多消费，而用信用卡的看不见logo
The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.在文中讲的是用现金支付账单的客人们，并没有涉及用信用卡支付账单
时间：2’27  答案：d
逻辑链：前提：研究显示用现金支付账单的客人当看到账单上的信用卡logo时往往会给更多的小费。
结论：心理学家因此假设信用卡logo提醒了有信用卡的消费者们自己有更强大的购买力，因此使他们愿意付更多。
2-4 Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.
In the economist’s argument, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles?
The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.一二句方向应该是一致的
The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.由分析得知一二句应该是环境学家的一些看法
The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.正确
The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.第二句是环境学家的结论
Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.这两句和经济学家的看法是相反的
时间：2’4  答案：c
逻辑链：第二句前面有个thus，conclude，说明第二句是个结论，而紧接着后面有however，这些环境学家是错的，那么可以推断一二句都是环境学家的一些看法和结论，而这些被经济学家否定了
2-5 (Weaken题变体) Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?
Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.文章重点在于省水新园林与老园林的取舍，此项为无关信息
A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.此处片面说明了传统园林在肥料和除草剂的开销上大于新园林，但是也有可能存在别的开销比新园林小的多
A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.很多人家没有院子属于无关信息
It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping. 花在省水风景上的钱不会比花在传统的更多，有效地驳斥了批判者所说
Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.无关信息
时间：1’27   答案：d
逻辑链：批判者认为转化为新的省水园林所省下来的水费少于20美元，只是很少的一部分，不能覆盖新的园林的费用，问削弱
2-6 Which of following most logically completes the argument?
The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.
some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump 无关
fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France 无关
animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize 正确
the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago 无关
only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump 无关
时间：1’58  答案：c
逻辑链：在法国洞穴的壁画上发现鹿的后背上有很大的h，而这些动物的化石并没有h，但这并不能说明壁画不准确，因为？
2-7 Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.未知信息
At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.也可能全部包含，毕竟前面还有周一周二呢
At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.周四的船里没说运的是啥，就有可能四个都是周四出发的
At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.周五装的都是建筑材料，也可能送去其他地方了
At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.
时间： 2‘45   答案：e
逻辑链：有五艘特殊的船在上周四出发，而周五出发的所有的船上装运的都是建筑材料。被送去tc的四艘船中只有三艘是装运建筑材料的➡️那么剩下的一艘肯定不是周五出发的

2-8 Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.正确
Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously. 没上瘾的人是否会吸更多的烟无从考证
The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years. 得吸烟相关疾病的人数在未来五年会减少并不能从原文中得到支持
The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years. 原文并不能支持此项
The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.  未来五年和过去五年没法比较
时间：2‘14  答案：a
逻辑链：为了减少吸烟相关的疾病，s处执法者计划在未来五年减少一半的香烟中尼古丁的含量，然而这会导致已经上瘾的人吸更多数量的烟。
2-9 Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.正确
Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population. 罪犯与正常人没法比较
The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released. 取非不能驳斥，错
Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does. 高中课程与大学课程属于无关信息
The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.  无关
时间： 2‘23   答案：a
逻辑链：为了减少犯罪率，长官对罪犯严厉且使监狱环境更恶劣，也不让犯人们上课，然而这违背了长官们的初衷，因为上课的犯人们被释放后的犯罪率比不上课的人低得多
2-10 Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?

The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that dose not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining. 不吃sb的另外一种鸟，他和w一样依赖于咖啡园，也减少了，说明这种减少与sb无关
The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers. 还是在说sb减少
The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary. 无关
Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations. 无关
Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.  无关

时间：2’40  答案：a
逻辑链：k说w每年秋天都会迁徙到南美洲的咖啡园，所以w的减少跟咖啡园树密度减少有关
s认为猎物sb的减少可以解释w的减少，因为w是吃sb的

shuuuuu

2-1 Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

时间：1’45
果：deer population decline
因（结论）：black bears have also played an important role in this decline.
加强因果联系：examination of black bears found dead showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles? A
It is the main conclusion of the argument.现象的原因，也是论点
It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument. main conclusion 就是作者观点
It is a judgment that the argument opposes. argument support
It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain. 结论，而不是现象，现象为fact，结论为主观
It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.结论本身而非证据


2-2 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.

时间：49“
因果 weaken
G：
因： high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. 
果：pay both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol
类比，R不这么做，weaken：失去因果联系，或找到干扰因的因素，或方向问题

E
early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life  讨论因的副作用，却不能否定因果联系
the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol 无关因果
RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has 涉及果，却无关因果联系
RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees 可能性小，与是否发生没有一定关系
the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet 否定了因果联系，不需要考虑many years之后的问题


2-3 Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

时间：2’32“
现象 — 果因题
果：客人看到信用卡logo 付小费多
因：看到logo 想到超额支付的权利
推理：加强因果间联系，或排除外因，或方向问题

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies? B
The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards. 这个现象的应用范围，无关
Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo. 果因联系的取非，想到钱没还上，也更不会付小费了
In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards. 现金付款，无关
In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card. 现金付款与信用卡付款比较，无关
The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared. 没有涉及果 — 小费多少的问题


2-4 Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.

时间：2’34“
environmentalists：
因：rubber tapping赚钱
果：支持rubber tapping
Economist ：however，weaken：干扰因素123。

In the economist’s argument, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles? C
The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.
The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.
The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.


2-5 (Weaken题变体) Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.

时间：5’20
brochure：
节水landscape省钱，支持节水landscape
Criticism ：
因：节水landscape省下来的钱，不够cover它的开销。
果：不支持节水landscape
rebuttal 反驳：破坏因果，提出干扰，无法达到果。也就是支持安装节水landscape。

Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism? B
Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes. 没装和装之间比较，无关
A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape. 传统设备开销更大。
A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards. 有院子和没院子比较，无关
It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping. 两者开销一样，无法比较好坏。
Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined. 院子用水和其他地方用水比较，无关。


2-6 Which of following most logically completes the argument?
The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.

时间：1’18
果因：
果（现象）：法国洞穴里的画，有驼峰；而化石显示，没有驼峰
因：画错了
结论weaken了结论，说没画错。否定了因果的联系，或者出现了外因。

C
some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump 洞穴画与其他画对比，无关
fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France 化石的普遍程度，无关。
animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize 脂肪不会被化石，狗定了因果联系。
the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago 化石的时间长短，无关因果。
only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump 没有解释因果联系


2-7 Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
E
时间：2’25

At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.


2-8 Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.

时间：2’35
上瘾的吸烟者：
每支烟nicotine含量 ：下降1/2  — —   吸更多支烟
每支烟tar 含量：可能不变，可能下降1/2

The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan? A
The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years. 若tar含量不变，则烟量上身，tar上升；若tar含量也下降1/2，则烟量上升，tar不变。
Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously. 不确定无烟瘾的情况
The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years. 只会不变，或上升
The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years. 不确定戒烟情况
The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years. 不确定戒烟情况


2-9 Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? C

4’54“
因：拿高校学历，能减少犯罪
果：支持拿高校学历

Assumption：加强因果联系，排除干扰因素或者方向问题。

Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed. 不拿学历，就不能防止可能已经犯的罪
Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population. 没有涉及因果
The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released. 选择拿高校学历的人，本来就已经会比其他人更低犯罪率了，否定方向问题，
Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does. 高中学历，无关
The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime. 检验因果联系，无关政策目标。


2-10 Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.

时间：3’43“
果：Twarbler减少
因：favorite prey budworm减少

weaken：否定因果联系，外因，方向或中间因素

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question? A
The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that dose not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.支持了plantation减少的这个外因，削弱
The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers. 说明了worm减少的原因，但仍然认可了因果联系，加强
The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary. 没有说明因果联系。
Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations. 提到外因plantation，但没有提到declining的果
Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler. 只有Twarbler减少的最多，验证了因果联系，加强


7878wu78

2-1 Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
A.        It is the main conclusion of the argument.
B.        It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.
C.        It is a judgment that the argument opposes.
D.        It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
E.        It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
Time: 0’30
P: hunters are blamed
Counter P：black bear population increases; examination evidence
Counter C: black bear 也是其中一个原因

2-2 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.
A.        early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life (早期治疗不能避免长期不得，那G公司的policy就没有用了，直接说明这个方案的缺点)
B.        the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol （说个人饮食习惯，和为什么R不采用G类似的policy无关）
C.        RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has (如果有更多的员工，那更应该考虑这个方案/其次我们不知道这些员工是否都是长期工还是说里面包括了实习生和合约工)
D.        RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees （unlikely to have higher level不代表不会有，就像说你涨价了利润会低但不代表你不涨价利润会高）
E.        the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet （平均每个员工的在职时间不长说明R不需要去担心员工的长期健康因为不会损害R的利益，这个也解释了为什么R不会去采用）
time: 1’23
P1: G 给员工做cholesterol测试和治疗，长远来说可以省钱 （测试治疗LT money saving）
P2: R没有这个省钱的动机 (?no incentive)
思路：解释为什么明明可以省钱而却没有这个动机省钱的原因

2-3 Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A.        The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards. （扩大讨论范围）
B.        Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo. （反因反果来加强说明越是有能力的看到logo付的tips就会越多）
C.        In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards. （讲用现金付钱和credit logo无关）
D.        In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card. （无关比较）
E.        The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared. （讲一个specific credit card type，偷换概念）
Time: 1’43
P: tips more with logo
C: spending power > what they have when they see a logo
思路：logo 可以提醒消费者他们的purchasing power, 所以反之 spending power< what they have, 那么他们肯定就不会付这么多小费了













2-4 Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.
In the economist’s argument, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question. （2个bf都是environmentalist观点）
B.        The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion. （not economist, its environmentalist）
C.        The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion. (bf1说明了可以赚很多钱，但是T不加入，因此bf2得出结论说t不出于利益考虑)
D.        The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument. （Not econ, environ）
E.        Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument. (same)
Time: 1’48
P: T公司没加入rubber tapping
C: T没有完全出于经济利益的考虑
Counter p: 初始资金很大/员工不足
Counter c: environmentalist 错误
















2-5 (Weaken题变体) Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?
A.        Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes. （加强项说明B说的是错误的）
B.        A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape. （传统的除了花多的水钱，其他的费用也高于省钱的装置，所以传统的overall cost>省钱装置装修的费用）
C.        A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards. （无关概念）
D.        It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping. （省钱的和传统的装修费都差不多，但是不能说明后期省钱的在其他费用上能比传统的省钱）
E.        Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined. （无关比较）
Time: 2’36
P: water-conserving landscapesave money, save water
Counter p: 即使换了也只能省少于20$的费用，所以装和不装没有区别
思路：看清题干问什么！！！问的是削弱criticism的观点，说明装了省钱的确实能省一大笔而不是那区区20块
错选了A, 看到题干以为是在问这个rebuttal里面能最好支持criticism的答案。之后才发现是对于criticism的反驳削弱











2-6 Which of following most logically completes the argument?
The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.
A.        some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump (其他动物都有，那会不会是一种画画手法，可能说明那个鹿压根没有hump，但还是有不确定性)
B.        fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France （无关比较，我们不需要知道数量的多少）
C.        animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize （解释了为什么Humps会在画上出现而不会在化石上出现的原因，解决了矛盾）
D.        the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago （时间无关，除非说hump会随着时间变化然后消失，重点在于对Hump的解释而不是时间）
E.        only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump （和现在有一种鹿有相似，无关）
Time：1‘34
这题和昨天做的Bone flute很像，都是讲化石，所以每次说到化石可以想一想化石的完整性
P: 这个鹿在P时期画的时候有个hump/化石出土的时候却没有
C: 不能直接否定画
思路：因为结论说不能否定画，所以可以解释一下为什么画上有但是出土没有，会不会是因为别的原因导致的化石上没有hump

















2-7 Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
A.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
B.        At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
C.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
D.        At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
E.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.
Time: 3’16
归纳总结
Thursday: 5 so; Friday: 全是bs; 周末不上班; 4 shipments到TC, 3个bs,1个不是
错选了D,因为看到说周五只法bs,认为只有周五才发，但是题目中并没有说只有周五才发，而是说周五那一天只发bs,没有说在其他几天不能发，有可能那3个bs都在周一到周四发送的；其中的一个非bs的肯定是在周五前发的，只能明确证明E是对的。

























2-8 Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
A.        The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years. （这个就说明了这个方案的副作用，到最后并不能实现他们的目标）
B.        Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously. （这边主要说到是上瘾的烟民）
C.        The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years. （吸烟数量增加了得病率应该变高）
D.        The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years. （在说戒烟的人还是无法说明该方案的副作用）
E.        The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years. （时间对比，无关比较）
Time: 1’47
P: 减少抽烟引起的病减少平均的尼古丁量
C: 上瘾的烟民只会抽更多烟
Logic: 减少尼古丁含量只会让烟民买更多的烟去抽从而不会导致抽烟引起的疾病下降

















2-9 Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed. (anyone,扩大范围)
B.        Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population. （和前者无关）
C.        The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released. （排除了其他原因）
D.        Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does. （无关比较）
E.        The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime. （和最终目标无关）
Time: 3’04
P: 不让上大学课程reduce crime rate
C: 上过的犯罪少不让上大学课程不能达到目标
思路：上过课的犯罪少说明是因为课程的原因而不是自身的原因





















2-10 Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?
A.        The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that dose not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining. （bo不吃sb,但也下降了说明肯定是因为其他因素导致w下降的而不是sb）
B.        The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers. (说明sb数量还是下降了)
C.        The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary. （only过于极端，但是总归还是下降了，所以还是有可能因为sb导致的）
D.        Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations. （和premise不符）
E.        Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler. （其他鸟类下降但是降的没有w多也不能说明w的下降是由于其他原因导致的）
Time: 1’32
P: recent decline in warblerelimination of dense tree cover
Counter p: W的食物SB在减少所以导致了W减少
反驳counter说其实和SB无关

小鱼u

2-1 Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
A.        It is the main conclusion of the argument.
B.        It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.
C.        It is a judgment that the argument opposes.
D.        It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
E.        It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.

时间：1‘00
逻辑链：Premise：the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

Conclusion：black bears have also played an important role in this decline
Logic: 转折后直接出结论
选项：
A. 正确
B.
C.
D.
E.


2-2 Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees.  Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol.  This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.  However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.
A.        early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life
B.        the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol
C.        RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has
D.        RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees
E.        the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet

时间：1‘30
逻辑链：Premise：需要补充
Conclusion：RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy
Logic: 后期治疗肺高->G test 转折R不用->推测：r员工没到发病就走了
选项：
A. 无关
B. 无关
C.无关比较
D. 没有解释结论，并且不高于可以小于等于
E.正确


2-3 Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo.  Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A.        The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B.        Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
C.        In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D.        In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E.        The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.

时间：1‘30
逻辑链：Premise：it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available
Conclusion：simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more
Logic: 看见logo->给的对 -> 相关当因果，
选项：
A.
B.反因反果加强 正确
C.
D.
E.


2-4 Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.
In the economist’s argument, the two boldfacedportions play which of the following roles?
A.        The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
B.        The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.
C.        The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.
D.        The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
E.        Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.

时间：
逻辑链：Premise：greater profits can be made from rubber tapping
Conclusion：Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest
Logic: 反结论的前提->反结论 ->结论-> 前提
选项：
A.
B.
C.正确
D.
E.


2-5 (Weaken题变体) Brochure:  Help conserve our city’s water supply.  By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use.  A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism:  For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?
A.        Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.
B.        A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.
C.        A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.
D.        It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.
E.        Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.

时间：1‘50
逻辑链：Premise：typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
Conclusion：the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping
Logic: 省每年水单20块钱-> 转换成新的防水装置省钱（没考虑其他方面省钱）
选项：
A.
B.正确，考虑到在其他方面省钱
C.
D.
E.


2-6 Which of following most logically completes the argument?
The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back.  Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.
A.        some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump
B.        fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France
C.        animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize
D.        the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago
E.        only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump

时间：1’30
逻辑链：Premise：需要补出
Conclusion：there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard
Logic: 需要补出->结论
选项：
A.
B.正确，解释了为什么化石里没有，说明画不一定错
C.
D.
E.


2-7 Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
A.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
B.        At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
C.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
D.        At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
E.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.

时间：1‘50
逻辑链：Premise：
Conclusion：y
Logic: -> -> -> ->
选项：
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.对，因为周五发的都是建筑材料，但是去tc有一个不是建筑材料，说明去tc至少有一个是周四


2-8 Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
A.        The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
B.        Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
C.        The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
D.        The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
E.        The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.

时间：1‘47
逻辑链：Premise：smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.

Conclusion：选项
Logic:吸烟量增加 -> -> -> ->
选项：
A. 吸烟量增加，所以焦油量不会减少，正确
B.
C.
D.
E.


2-9 Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher.  Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses.  However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A.        Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
B.        Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
C.        The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
D.        Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
E.        The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.

时间：1‘42
逻辑链：Premise：after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Conclusion：this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal
Logic: 相关当因果，
选项：
A.
B.
C.是，加强，不是，削弱
D.
E.


2-10 Kate:  The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott:  The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.  This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?
A.        The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that dose not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.
B.        The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.
C.        The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.
D.        Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
E.        Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.

时间：1’57
逻辑链：Premise：The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping.
Conclusion：This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.
Logic: 相关当因果
选项：
A. 另外一种鸟不吃虫子但同样栖息在这种植被上的数量也下降，说明可能不是鸟的问题
B.
C.
D.
E.

cgvmc

我的答案：AEEED CACCD

2-1  A
时间：0’35
premise:forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
conclusion:black bears have also played an important role in this decline
看到A就秒选了

2-2 E
时间：1‘34
Premise：Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol and high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment.
conclusion：R dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy
A：无关
B：无关
C：与员工人数无关
D：没看出问题在哪，但感觉E更对

2-3 E
时间：2’15
premise： credit-card logo reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Conclusion：seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more
A：无关
B: 无关
C：无关
D：题目谈的是信用卡logo对现金付款顾客给小费的影响，D选项说现金付款的顾客比用信用卡给的小费多，既然信用卡logo提醒顾客有超过可用现金的购买了，那应该是用信用卡顾客给的小费更多？
E：没太明白这个百分比什么意思，直接选了E

2-4 E
时间：4‘10
Premise: The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.
Environmentalists’conclusions: Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.
Conclusion：these environmentalists are probably wrong
A: BF1支持的是环保主义者的观点
B: BF1不是conclusion
C:C是对的，但不知道为啥我最后选了E
D：BF1不是conclusion
E：BF1没有支持经济学家的观点，两人观点相反

2-5 D
时间：2’11
Brochure：节水景观能省钱的
Criticism：换节水景观所节省的费用不能证明它能省钱，因为节水景观给房主节省的水费很少（考虑会有其他成本）
A：无关
B: 无关
C：无关
D：correct
E：无关

2-6 C
1‘12
Premise: 壁画有hump，化石没有hump
Conclusion：不能说明壁画不准确   （考虑由于某种原因导致化石没有hump）
A：无关
B:与地点无关
C：correct
D：与时间无关
E：无关

2-7 A
时间：1’52
星期四发出5批货，星期五发出全部building supplies货，周末不运输，到达TC的4批货只有3批是building supplies————所以那批不是building supplies的肯定来自星期四
A：因为周四的货是specially ordered，所以选了A，但E也对
B: 不能推断
C：不能推断
D：不能推断，未知周四的货有多少是building supplies
E：也对

2-8 C
2‘10
Background：焦油让人生病，尼古丁让人上瘾
Goal：减少吸烟相关的疾病
Plan：降低每支烟里的平均尼古丁含量
Result：已经上瘾的烟民会吸更多烟
A: 吸入的焦油未减少，不能支持计划有效性
B：与没有烟瘾瘾的烟民无关
C：correct
D：成功戒烟人的比例下降，未知总吸烟人数
E: 未来5年戒烟的人较上一个5年增加，没说戒烟成功了，pass

E：不一定exceed

2-9 C
2’20
Plan：阻止囚犯上大学课程
Goal：降低犯罪率
结果：没上大学课程的罪犯出狱后犯罪更多，计划不成功
A：削弱结论
B：与大众无关
C：correct
D：与高中课程无关
E：无关


2-10 D
1‘34
Kate：TW数量减少是因为coffee plantations密集程度减少
Scott：TW的主要食物SB数量减少，所以TW减少
A：支持了结论
B：无关
C：无关
D：他因导致TW减少，correct
E：无关

阿芈

总结：比昨天做题较顺利，读不懂的题目减少，第9题部分未读懂影响做题，其他不影响做题。7题花时间较多，主要是误解题目，8题也比较花时间

2-1 90s A
黑脸题：背景:狩猎导致鹿数量下降
转折：熊也会影响鹿的数量。
理由：熊数量上升，并且发现熊吃鹿
分析：黑脸与前面内容转折（yet），后面内容为熊吃鹿的细节支撑黑脸熊对鹿的减少起作用。顾选择A

2-2 60s E
补充题，背景:有两个人給员工体检。G检测员工的c含量并治疗C含量过高的员工
原因：这一举措给C省钱了因为C含量过高到后期会造成昂贵费用
矛盾：然而R并没这样做，是因为：xxx
A早期针对C的治疗并不能完全消除后期发病可能性。如果这样是反驳G，并不是C不买的原因。错
B电视节目鼓励人们摄入低C食品。无关选项。错
C R 比G雇员多，那么R更应该买，错
D R雇员的C含量不像G一样高，这个选项又迷惑性，但是说的是C高以后对未来的影响，现在不高不代表以后不高
E 平均工龄R少于G。因为上文讲的是C高时间长以后，关键词many years，如果工龄短，即使C高了也无所谓，发病已经离职。对

2-3 90s B 本题原来做过
支持题 背景：研究发现刷卡顾客通常会付更多的小费，当账单放在引有卡片logo的纸上时。
矛盾：科学家认为人们看到自己卡片logo的时候更愿意多付款
原因：是因为这提醒他们刷卡的购买力比现金强
A研究不仅限于那些用信用卡的客户。无关选项，错
B有信用卡还款压力的客户当看到卡片logo的时候会少给小费。多给原因是觉得自己有消费能力，那么从另一方面说明没消费能力就少给。对
C付现金的客户没有信用卡，无关选项，错
D给现金的客户给的钱比信用卡多，削弱原文，错。
E。当信用卡logo和账单一起出现的时候，用信用卡付款的比例更高。本题说的是付款金额，而不是用信用卡付款比例。错

2-4 150s C
黑脸题，黑1黑2直接无转折有thus，说明前面是原因，原因就是实际情况，后面是结果。黑2后有转折说明和文章总结论相反，顾排除ABE。
黑2为结论黑1为原因顾选C


2-5 150s B
削弱题：问下面人，看下面人：对大多数有院子的人来说，安装节水装置省下来的钱并不足以成为其更换新装置的理由，因此此举措节约的水很有限。
A。对于院子里没水的人来说。新设备可以通过家中节水设备储水。无关，主要讲的是院子内是否装新设备。错
B。传统的设备要求更大的其他开销，比如f和除草。上面主要通过经济原因反驳B的观点，说明新设备省钱少。此处说明原设备其他开销多进行反驳，对。
C大部分市民没院子。本文主要讨论院子中情况，无关选项，错。
D新设备的花销不比老设备多，应该主要讲新设备的好处，花销不多但是没好处的话也是白花钱。错
E 一些人花更多的去维持院子。无关选项。错

2-6  90s C
补充题 背景：一种鹿在山洞壁画描述的背上有印记
矛盾：出土的化石上没有印记，但是壁画有
原因：这不能说明山洞画的不准确，因为XX
A这个山洞也画其他有印记的动物。本文说的就是化石没印记，山洞里有印记本来就是矛盾，错
B 鹿化石在冰岛比法国常见。和常不常见无关，主要讲为什么出土的化石上没有印记，但是壁画有，错
C印记是不能生成化石的。解释了化石上没有印记，但是壁画有，因为印记不能成为化石，对。
D壁画创作时间长。无关选项。错
E现存的鹿…无关，主要讲的化石和壁画差异。错

2-7 300s E
推断题。周四发了五个特殊包裹；上周，所有周五发的包裹都有补给，周末邮局休息  注意周末不发货！！！！！。上周给TC送了4个包裹，只有三个有补给。那么可以推断出有一个TC包裹无补给——有一个不是周5发的（另外特殊包裹是否有补给未知）
A。TC至少有一个为特殊包裹。对，因为3个周五发的有补给
B至少有一个特殊包裹不含补给，对，就是TC收到的不含的那个。。
C至少有一个区TC的包裹不是周四发的。错应该为不是周五
D至少有一个区TC的包裹是周五发的。错，如果都为周四并且3含1不含也可以
E至少有一个TC的包裹在周五之前发，。对，因为周五的都有补给，TC收到了无补给的，那么肯定有一个周五之前的。
（纠结了很久选了E，因为E最直接 AB本来认为都对排除了是因为只知道周四周五的情况，其他几天未知）

2-8 180s A
支持题 背景 大部分吸烟的病由于摄入烟内的tar引起，尼古丁是人们难以戒烟的原因。
措施为 了降低吸烟疾病的发生率，S准备将烟中尼古丁含量降低一半。
矛盾 但是尼古丁成瘾的人说说如果降低一半尼古丁含量，他们会吸更多的烟
A。已经尼古丁成瘾的人摄入tar的量不会减少。对，因为吸更多的烟，即使每根烟的尼古丁少了，但是吸得烟多了。对
B还未尼古丁成瘾的人会比五年前吸收更多的烟。与文章无关，错。
C吸烟者的患病率五年内会下降。主要讲的是尼古丁含量变化，无关
D。 尝试戒烟的人数五年内会下降。无关
E。未来五年内戒烟的人会比之前五年多。无关


2-9 180s A
前提题 背景 为了降低犯罪率，政府对监狱和罪犯采取了更严格的措施。这种措施之一是拒绝其接受之前所学的大学课程（这句比较关键但是不大理解），
矛盾：这方法效果不好，因为自从被释放后，接收教育的人犯罪率比其他人低的多

A在监狱中没能上大学课程不会阻碍其本身可能所犯的罪（没大读懂，意思应该是上不上课和其犯罪无关）。对（排除法，没大理解该项）
B 之前的罪犯不会比同龄人可能犯罪 和同龄人无关，错
C 选择上大学课程的罪犯不会已经比同龄人低犯罪率 本选项和A纠结，但是这个应该不是前提，因为在文章后面也说到了。另外应该和犯罪率没有关系。即使犯罪率低也不会影响实验开展。错
D学习高中可能。。。。无关，本文未提到高中课程，错
E政府的最终目标是通过说服人们采取了针对监狱的措施提高支持率。无关，错


2-10 60s C
反驳题  问S看S，S提出鸟类w数量减少是因为其主要的食物sb减少了
A，S未提到Bo，无关选项
B，sb的降低是因为一种传染自身但是不传染鸟的病。传染鸟才选，不传染不选。主要探讨的是sb和w的数量关系
C。sb的降低是暂时的。正因为是暂时的，所以对鸟类的影响有限，不是w减少的主要原因，对
D S未提到咖啡种植，无关。错
E。尽管其他唱歌的鸟数量减少，但是没有w减少的多。主要讲sb和w关系，无关。错

abbylung

1-1
答案：A
时间：1'31
逻辑链：
P黑熊增加，吃鹿
C黑熊也是鹿减少的原因

A. 正确，BF是结论
B.
C.
D.
E.

1-2
答案：E
时间：1'06
逻辑链：
G公司为高胆固醇的员工提供治疗，为以后省钱
R公司为什么不这么做呢？

A.  早治疗还是可能中风，那G也没必要这么做了
B.  媒体鼓励人们健康饮食，那G也没必要这么做了
C.  R比G的员工多，那R更应该这么做
D.  R员工胆固醇比G员工低，不知道低多少
E.   R员工待的时间比G短

1-3
答案：B
时间：1'50
逻辑链：
P有信用卡，购买力强
C给的小费多

A. 研究对象不止回头客，无关
B. 加强，购买力低，给的小费少
C. 削弱，
D. 无关比较
E. 某个信用卡品牌付小费的比例无关

1-4
答案：C
时间：1'57
逻辑链：
P: rubber tapping比cattle ranching更赚钱
C: thus，公司做cattle ranching是不符合economic self-interest

A.
B.
C. 正确，第一个BF是论据，第二个BF是环境学家结论
D.
E.

1-5
答案：B
时间：1'45
逻辑链：
P：换节水的省了不到20
C：换节水的不好

A. 没有节水的家庭怎么样，不在讨论范围内
B. 传统的化肥和除草剂用的多，我用节水的可以省这部分钱
C. 没有院子，也不在讨论范围内
D. 节水的比传统的花得不多，那也只省了不到20，还是不好
E.  用水目的，无关

1-6
答案：C
时间：1'22
逻辑链：
P：画上有动物hump，但动物化石没有hump呀
C：画是正确的

A. 其他动物，无关
B. 爱尔兰和法国化石数量比较，无关
C. 动物hump不会变成化石，解释为什么画上有hump，化石上没有hump
D. 画是16000年前画的，无关
E.  只有一个物种有Hump，无关

1-7
答案：E
时间：2'50
逻辑链：
1：周四，出特殊订单
2：周五，出建筑材料
3：有4个单出到T，有3个是建筑材料

A. 还有1个可能既不是特殊订单，又不是建筑材料
B. 特殊订单可能都有建筑材料
C. 周四可能出了1个订单
D. 可能都是周四出的
E. 正确，肯定都是周五前出的

1-8
答案：A
时间：1'05
逻辑链：
P：每根香烟减少尼古丁含量
C：抽烟的人，抽更多香烟

A. 焦油数量不会减少，正确
B. 不抽烟的人开始抽烟，不知道
C. 抽烟生病的人数减少，不知道
D. 戒烟人数比例减少，不知道
E. 未来5年戒烟人数超过过去5年戒烟人数，不知道

1-9
答案：A
时间：1'41
逻辑链：
P：监狱里上课
C：出来后犯罪更少

A. 取非，不上课可能阻止犯罪，削弱，正确
B. 取非，之前的犯人比大众更可能犯罪，无关比较
C. 取非，上课后的更少犯罪，加强了
D. 高中课和大学课，无关比较
E. 终极目标是啥无关

1-10
答案：A
时间：1'10
逻辑链：
P：budworm减少
C：warbler吃budworm，所以warbler减少

A. 不吃budworm的另一种songbird也减少了，削弱
B. 解释budworm为什么减少
C. Budworm减少是短暂的，无法反驳
D. warbler迁徙到其他地方，无关
E. 其他物种，无关