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The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time
by Karl Polanyi (Author)
第一段说十九世纪欧洲各国之间的经济往来和政治环境很稳定，并给出4个factors that contribute to the stability.这4个factor包括了政府因素, the international gold standard, a SRM(self-regulating market), and the liberal state。 但是后来就collapse了。
NINETEENTH CENTURY civilization has collapsed. This book is concerned with the political and economic origins of this event, as well as with the great transformation which it ushered in.
P1 Europe economic and political system又4个institutions组成：balanced-power system, international gold standard,self-regulated market（SRM）, liberty and right.
Nineteenth century civilization rested on four institutions. The first was the balance-of-power system which for a century prevented the occurrence of any long and devastating war between the Great Powers. The second was the international gold standard which symbolized a unique organization of world economy. The third was the self-regulating market which produced an unheard-of material welfare. The fourth was the liberal state. Classified in one way, two of these institutions were economic, two political. Classified in another way, two of them were national, two international. Between them they determined the characteristic outlines of the history of our civilization.
Of these institutions the gold standard proved crucial; its fall was the proximate cause of the catastrophe. By the time it failed most of the other institutions had been sacrificed in a vain effort to save it.
But the fount and matrix of the system was the self-regulating market. It was this innovation which gave rise to a specific civilization. The gold standard was merely an attempt to extend the domestic market system to the international field; the balance-of-power system was a superstructure erected upon and, partly, worked through the gold standard; the liberal state was itself a creation of the self-regulating market. The key to the institutional system of the nineteenth century lay in the laws governing market economy.
P3 但是srm会deprive humanity and turn the natural world into wild（记得是这样子的），所以社会会阻止srm的发展。（如果加上专业知识理解，我以为他的意思是市场经济是弱肉强食的，无情的，所以在当时的时间，会有力量阻止这种趋势的发生。基于这一点，后面好像有两道推断题我都选了市场经济的取非——政府干预。也不知道对不对）
Our thesis is that the idea of a self-adjusting market implied a stark Utopia. Such an institution could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society; it would have physically destroyed man and transformed his surroundings into a wilderness. Inevitably, society took measures to protect itself, but whatever measures it took impaired the self-regulation of the market, disorganized industrial life, and thus endangered society in yet another way. It was this dilemma which forced the development of the market system into a definite groove and finally disrupted the social organization based upon it.
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发表于 2018-11-2 14:52:14
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