l's备考日记之SC错题+重点分析

lululuna

7/8创建
7/24复习一遍

74.  (28503-!-item-!-188;#058&003635)

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are

(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are

(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but

(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are

(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are

OA:  D
*",favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, " 状语

teddybearj4
babybearmm
source:http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-664442-2-1.html  12#、 16#

12#

选C的话，句子变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

不管是C、D，都是要表达are not the products of natural selection和but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments(先忽略CD的差别看语意)，LZ肯定也是这么理解的，如果坚持是not...but...平行。但是，这样会有歧义，变成了：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
好像黄色部分“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments”都在修饰“natural selection”。
而实际上，语意来看只有“favored because they enhance reproduction or survival”才是解释“natural selection”的。not...but...这里的but是用作了介词，变成了一个prep. phrase，就容易产生这种歧义。

再看D，如果把but的用法变成conj.:
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
作为conj.之后，but引导的从句are simply... 跟主句are not the products of natural selection是平行的。
还有一个是我之前说的，如果是C，but作prep.，simply作为一个adv.(修饰V或者prep. phrase)放在prep.和n.中间它根本没东西修饰，但是如果是D，这个simply就是修饰are的。

下面再摘一个Ron的举例，我觉得把C的ambiguous解释的蛮清楚了。
Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.

The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:

1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.

16#


I think Ron said when you have one part parallelism signals such as "and, or, but etc", you look for the words coming aftersignals as these words are 'locked in' words.  So does that mean we are not bound by existing words in the first part?那么这道题，如果是C选项：
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that manybiological traits are not the products of natural selection, favoredbecause they enhance reproduction or survival, but simplyrandom by-products of other evolutionary developments.
我们找but后面的'locked in' word，但是不存在。
换句话说，but后面直接跟noun "by-products"  ("simply random by-products"是adv.+adj.+noun.这种连串修饰结构，核心词是noun)
那我们根据平行，在but前面那部分找noun "by-products"的counterpart，我们能找到以下nouns:
"the products of natural selection"
"reproduction or survival"
甚至包括"survival"
——到底哪个词和"by-products"对应？这存在歧义。
所以C不对。
但如果改成D，通过"are"这个locked-in word，和前面的"are"对应上，于是我们知道"by products"是和前面的"the products of natural selection"对应的。

AlienX
Source:http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-338703-2-1.html  11#

comma有一定的影響
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. (<--意思怪怪, 因為少了一個comma)

文法上74的C&D都對, 可是D會比較清楚.

35.       (26325-!-item-!-188;#058&002592)

In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, which is a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not seriously interfering with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.

(A) which is a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not seriously interfering

(B) a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not seriously interfering

(C) a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere

(D) which is a substance to promote blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere

(E) which is a substance that promotes blood clotting, but not a serious interference

OA:  c
* ",a substance that promotes blood clotting, " 同位语，是插入语成分

Q31. p1-sc 41. (26601-!-item-!-188;#058&002718)

The budget for education reflects theadministration's demand that the money is controlled by local schooldistricts, but it can only be spent on teachers, not on books, computers,or other materials or activities.

(A) the money is controlled by local schooldistricts, but it can only be spent

(B) the money be controlled by local schooldistricts, but it allows them to spend the money only

(C) the money is to be controlled by local schooldistricts, but allowing it only to be spent

(D) local school districts are in control of the money, but it allows them to spend the money only

(E) local school districts are to be in control of the money, but it can only spend it

OA:B
*only的位置
不是修饰动作，是修饰经费只能花得几个方面，A/C/E out

*demand+ that be

*but it 从句
  适用babybearmm在此楼 74题中间讲到的'locked in' word方法；
  but 后面是 在ABDE选项中均是it
   A， it 往前找， 可以与money 平行，指代money; 也可以与budget平行，指代budget；=>ambiguity
   B,   it 不指代money，因为money出现在了spend之后，逻辑意思对
   D/E 均指向budget,都正确

小结：
三题都涉及了but转折中间插入其他成分或者长从句，but之后补出主语，谓语动词等情况来排除歧义的情况，
尽管有的题目选对了，但这个确实是以往做题中没有注意到的点。
take care!!

Q37.     p2-sc   30.        (26078-!-item-!-188;#058&002967)

Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body's bloodvessels.

(A) comes from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that

(B) comes from antioxidants--compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

(C) come from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and

(D) come from antioxidants--compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that

(E) come from antioxidants--compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

OA: D
* S-V agreement
   benefits come ; not comes=>A/B OUT

*用上面提到的locked-in-words的方法
看到连词AND
STEP1:最后一个动词inhibit,那么前面要有个相应的动词项对应，在不了解句意的情况下，可以使come, be found
STEP2: inhibit动作的发出这个是谁，前面有benefits 和 antioxidants(compound)
          根据句意，应该是antioxidants(compound)，那么必须跟be found平行；
      C/E out

lululuna

7/29错题

GWD-8-Q41:

When drive-ins wereat the height of their popularity in the late 1950’s, some 4,000 existed in theUnited States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.

A.    there are less than one-quarter that many  

B.     there are fewer than one-quarter as many

C.    there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount

D.    the number is less than one-quarter the amount

E.   it is less thanone-quarter of that amount                        

OA: B

When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950’s, some 4,000 [size=12.6666669845581px](drive-ins) existed in the United States, but today                                    .

A, less than错，不能比较drive ins
B,  搁置，有there be，但是数量比较是对的；
C， that amount没有指代，前面是 4000 drive-ins，不是4000（ the amount);且 fewer 和amount不match
D， that amount没有指代，前面是 4000 drive-ins，不是4000（ the amount)
E， it无指代，这里需要一个new copy，而不是it，与原来同一物；且 that amount没有指代，前面是 4000 drive-ins，不是4000（ the amount)

lululuna

开一层给全划线的句子，
做全划线句子的时候一直凭感觉，时好时坏，有时候脑子清醒的时候脉络把握的很好；
有时候脑子一煳要想很久，今天做题把握着了一些感觉，所思所想记下来，一遍温故知新。

1）句子讲了那几件事 A-某件事（长句子），B 包含了A句子，是对A句子的判断解释啊说明等，从句意脉络出发；
2）有哪些人，做了那些事，从人物和动作这件的关系出发。

题目都在linking verb楼层，建议回顾

lululuna

Q1:GWD32-Q2

Written in ink or engraved by stylus, more than 2,000 letters and documents on wooden tablets excavated at the site of the old roman fort at vindolanda in northern England are yielding a historical account of the military garrison in the first and second centuries that areso vivid intheir details about personal life as they are from Pompeii

A.    are so vivid in their details aboutpersonal life as they are

B.     are as vivid in their details of personallife as those gathered

C.    is as vivid in their detail about personal life as that gathered

D.    is as vivid in its details of personal life as that gathered

E.     is so vivid in its details of personal life as is that

GWD争议题，迷惑在于gather
查过字典“gather”的意思可以是

“conclude from evidence”

那就没有争议，两个that都指向 a history account

lululuna

7/26

T-4-Q1

Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools.

A. when it is known that humans made

B. at which it is known that humans had made

C. at which humans are known to have made

D. that humans are known to be making

E. of humans who were known to make

OA: C

in this sort of construction, i'm pretty sure that either "when" or "at which" would be acceptable. (clearly, the latter is acceptable -- it appears in the correct answer, after all -- but i wouldn't object to the former.)
if you want to get really subtle, i think (not 100% sure) that "the date when" is used for actual, precise calendar dates, whereas "the date at which" is used for the usually more vague dates ofhistorical events, such as the one in this problem. but i'm sure the test is not going to depend on this sort of nuanced difference.

i think the real problem with the construction in choice (a) is that the clause following "when" is "it is known". in other words, that choice suggests that the fact is (was?) known at that date, an interpretation that clearly doesn't make sense in context.in the correct answer, the "at which" is followed by a clause whose subject is "humans", and which describes the actual action that took place at that date. therefore, i think the idea is that this clause more accurately describes the chronology of the events: i.e., the toolmaking happened at that date, and the fact is known now.

as for your other question, this isn't really a perfect tense, because it's actually not a tense at all -- it's an infinitive.
probably the easiest way to go here is to remember this as an idiomatic usage of the construction "known to". if the action is in the present, then you use "known to VERB"; if the action is in the past, then you use "known to have VERBed". as far as i know, these are the only two possible forms.

T-4-Q12

For the farmer who takes care to keep themcool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly,Holstein cows are producing an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each peryear.

A.   providing them with high-energyfeed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing

B.    providing them with high-energyfeed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces

C.   provided with high-energy feed,and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing

D.   provided with high-energy feed,and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces

E.    provided with high-energy feed,and milked regularly, Holstein cows will produce

OA: E

heh. it looks like choice (a) is an"indian trap"
seriously, not a joke.
if there is a single biggest issue in the grammar of second-languageenglish speakers who happento hail from india or pakistan, thatissue is the drastic overuse of the "are ...ing"construction. (native speakers of english will recognize "areproducing" at once as awkward.)

another problem with part (a) is the modifier. although"providing... and milking..." is agrammatically acceptablemodifier, it doesn't make any sense in context, since these are not two thingsthat farmers do WHILE or AS A CONSEQUENCE OF keeping the cows cool.(if you're going touse comma + -ing, then one of these two should hold.)
see #124 (og 12th edition) or #127 (og 11th edition), correct answer, for asentence in which such a modifier actually does make sense.

T-4-Q39

Five hundred million different species ofliving creatures have appeared on Earth, nearly 99 percent of them vanishing.

A.   Five hundred million differentspecies of living creatures have appeared on Earth, nearly 99 percent of them vanishing.

B.    Nearly 99 percent of five hundred milliondifferent species of living creatures that appeared on Earth have vanished.

C.   Vanished are nearly 99percentof the five hundred million different species of living creatures that appearedon Earth.

D.   Of five hundred milliondifferent species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth, nearly 99percent of them have vanished.

E.    Of the five hundred milliondifferent species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth, nearly 99percent have vanished.

oa:e

STACY manhattan

B has a verb tense issue. It says "species that appeared" on earth. Appeared is simple past but, in this case, we want present perfect. We use past tense to discuss something that is completely over; we use present perfect to discuss something that started in the past but is either still true or still going on in the present. It is still true that the species appeared, so we want to say "have appeared"

lululuna

7/25
Through VS  BY
by强调动作，与主句动作发出为同一主体；
through强调方式方法，加名词；


PREP
The Chicago and Calumet Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing canals so that the water now empties into the Mississippi by way of the Illinois River.

A，Rivers originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by constructing  
B，Rivers had originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but they have been redirected by constructing  
C，Rivers, which originally flowed into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan but have been redirected by the construction of  
D，Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, but having been redirected by the construction of  
E，Rivers, originally flowing into the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Michigan, have been redirected through the construction of

OA: E

A，but前后不平行，错
C， sentence fragment
D,   but 前面没句子，sentence fragment

Narrow to B/E
B, 1) past perfect tense 没有时间标志；
    2)后半句 they ……by construciting, 动作发出者指向they(rivers)歧义
E, through 通过……途径/方法

Ron:https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/the-chicago-and-calumet-rivers-originally-flowed-into-the-t3836.html?hilit=The%20Chicago%20and%20Calumet%20Rivers%20originally%20flowed%20into%20the%20St.%20Lawrence%20by%20way%20of%20Lake%20Michigan,%20but%20having%20been%20redirected%20by%20co

there are two things wrong with (b).

one:
the use of the past perfect (had flowed) is inappropriate, because there is no second past-time marker or event to which this first event is relevant.
compare: the rivers had originally flowed into the st. lawrence, but then their course was divertedby...
the correct tense to use here would be the simple past, because this is the only past time frame referenced in the whole sentence.

two:
'by constructing' seems to refer back to the rivers as its ostensible subject, implying (absurdly) thatthe rivers themselves constructed the canals.

PREP7_SC_82.
Each year companies in the United States could save as much as $58 billion annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.

(A) annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided
(B) annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing
(C) annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providing
(D) in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided
(E) by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply provided

OA: e

lululuna

OG13_Round2_最后刷，未完全掌握须mark的知识点

5.Of  all the vast tides of migration that have swept through  history, maybe none is  more concentrated as the wave that brought 12  million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three  decades.      (A) maybe none is more concentrated as   (B) it may be that none is more concentrated as   (C) perhaps it is none that is more  concentrated than   (D) maybe it is none that was more concentrated than   (E)  perhaps none was more concentrated than OG： *TENSE In addition, the  second part of the sentence uses the past tense verb brought, indicating that  the event is over. The verb used in the comparative construction must also be  past tense, x (none) was more concentrated than y (the wave).    *强调句 VS 陈述句   C， It is none that is more …is wordy; also, in this context, it must refer to something (unlike in  phrases such as “it is clear that ……”), yet it          does not plausibly refer to  anything.   D， As in (C), it is none that was more . . . is wordy; it must refer to  something, yet it does not plausibly refer to anything. DUKB24_og13千行 *强调句不符合句意，因为句意是比较个体和群体 个体“ wave that brought 12  million……”； 群体" all the vast tides of migration that……“； 而不是强调某一个tidal,所以强调句改变了歧义

OG13_30

Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.

(A) at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of
(B) as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of
(C) that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was
(D) to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of
(E) as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was
oa: D

idiom:
be estimated to be !!!!!!!!!!!!
不是at

39. Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, it is so debilitating that it has become an economic drain on many developing countries.
(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic
(B) it is of such debilitation, it has become an economical
(C) so debilitating is it as to become an economic
(D) such is its debilitation, it becomes an economical
(E) there is so much debilitation that it has become an economical

in general, you don't use so ADJ as to VERB unless the VERB describes some sort of state/condition. i.e., if the verb is an action verb, this construction generally isn't used.

for instance,
i am so ugly as to be viscerally repulsive to women. --> this works, because the verb “to be” describes a state/condition.
i am so ugly as to repel women on sight. --> you generally wouldn't see this in good writing, as “repel” is an action verb; the sentence would probably be written as i am so ugly that i repel women on sight.

og13_76

Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction.

(A) appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path,

(B) appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path,

(C) appear as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths,

(D) appeared as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths,

(E) appeared to have been equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path,

OA: b

Verb  form; Diction

Because Neanderthals “disappeared,” the verb describing their apparent abilities cannot be present tense, so as equipped must be changed to to have been equipped. The expression equipped to face is clearer and more direct than  equipped for facing.

A As equipped indicates that Neanderthals still appear this way; equipped should be followed by an infinitive form  instead of  a  prepositional phrase.

B Correct. The verb tense clearly indicates that the current evidence is about Neanderthals in the past.

C  As equipped does not indicate that Neanderthals appeared this way  in  the past;  while  individual

Neanderthals may well have followed different paths, this sentence is about the single evolutionary path taken by  Neanderthals as a species.

D Present-tense appear is needed to parallel present-tense indicates and to reinforce that this is current evidence about Neanderthals in  the past;  as in  (C), paths should be singular.

E For facing is an incorrect substitution  of a  prepositional phrase for an   infinitive.

!!!!excellent explanation on tense issue

tense problem is not mainly grammer problem;
it's more about meaning of the sentence.

句意：

The N appear to have been…… , but their disappearance indicates that……

两个分句都是在讲N这个人，现在看来 当时是准备好面对任何困难的， 但是他们的消失 现在 表明他们并不能适应那些导致他们灭绝的环境。

OG13_76

A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes.

(A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump

(B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping

(C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump

(D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump

(E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities

OA: D

Verb  form; Idiom

An agreement that occurred in 1972 is correctly described with the past tense verb reduced. Since the dumping continued after the date of the agreement, the past perfect verb had been allowed should instead be the present are allowed (if the agreement remained in effect when the sentence was written) or the past were allowed (if the agreement was no longer in effect when the sentence was written).Since were allowed does not appear in any of the options, we can assume that the correct verb tense is are allowed. The phrase amount of phosphates is clear and idiomatically  correct, whereas phosphate  amount is not  idiomatic.

A The past perfect tense indicates that the condition referred to was no longer in effect at the time of the agreement. The agreement could not have retroactively changed what was no longer in existence. The sentence refers to a continuing (but modified) prescription as to the allowable amount, not to an amount that is actually dumped. Thus, it is preferable to use either the simple past tense or the timeless present tense.

B The phosphate amount should be the amount of phosphates; the omission of some form of allow is incorrect since the agreement changed not the amount dumped, but the amount permitted to be dumped.

C Present tense reduces should be the past tense reduced; the phosphate amount should be the amount of phosphates;  have been  allowed should be are  allowed.

D Correct. The past tense reduced is correctly used in this sentence to describe a past action, and the present tense are allowed is used to describe the continuing applicability of the modified rule or regulation.

E Present tense reduces should be the past tense reduced; allowed for dumping is an incorrect idiom; allowed for  dumping by  municipalities is awkward.

By Ron:"

1,Reduce" is not an ongoing state of existence. It's something that happens at one particular point in time.
That point in time was in 1972. So, past tense.
Analogy: I lost a bunch of weight in 2010. I can't write "I lose weight" now... because it happened in 2010.
Reduced, lost, same idea.

2,You have to read those choices literally.
"The amount they had been allowed to dump", and/or "...had been dumping", are historical figures. They're a done deal; they can't be changed.

If this still doesn't make sense to you, put a (pre-1972) year on them. E.g., the amounts that were specified in 1969.
Perhaps that will make it more clear"”you can't reduce the amounts that were specified in 1969, because they were specified in 1969. (The current figure can represent a diminution from those historical figures, but a diminution of those figures is impossible; we can't change history.)

lululuna

7/22
T-9-Q39

Studies showthat young people with higher-than-averageblood pressure and their families have a historyof high blood pressure are more likely than others to develop a severe formof the condition.

A.     and theirfamilies have a history of high blood pressure  

B.      whose families have a history ofhigh blood pressure

C.       and a history of high blood pressure runsin the family  

D.     whose families have a history ofhigh blood pressure

       E.      with a history of high blood pressure running in their family

OA: B
but/and 连词，采用lock-in-word法，找前面对应的词，有且只有一个才可准确平行；

T-9-Q29

Several studies have foundthat the coronary patients who exercise most actively have half or less thanhalf the chance of dying of a heart attack as those who are sedentary.

A.   have half or less than half the chance ofdying of a heart attack as those who aresedentary  

B.   have half the chance,or less, of dying of a heart attack thanthose who are sedentary do  

C.   have half the chance that they will die of aheart attack, or less, than those who aresedentary do

D.   are at least fifty percent less likely to die of a heart attack as those who are sedentary

E.    areat least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of aheart attack

OA:E

lululuna

Modifier的逻辑顺序和位置

OG16_63.

Having been named for a mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter, the asteroid named Ida, in the middle of the belt of asteroids that

orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter, was discovered in 1884.

(A) Having been named for a mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter, the asteroid named Ida, in the middle of the belt of asteroids that

orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter, was discovered in 1884.

(B) Discovered in 1884, the asteroid Ida, named for a mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter, is in the middle of the belt of asteroids that

orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

(C) In the middle of the belt of asteroids that orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter, the asteroid Ida, discovered in 1884 and named for a

mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter.

(D) The asteroid Ida, named for a mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter and discovered in 1884, is in the middle of the belt of asteroids

to orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter.

(E) Ida, an asteroid discovered in 1884 and which was named for a mythological nymph who cared for the infant Jupiter, is in the middle of the belt of

asteroids to orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter

DUKB24

在使用VING/VED/ADJ这一类的modifier的时候，一定要去注意检查modifier的放置的顺序是否合理。

确保放在前面的modifier能lead to or result in 后面

句子的信息。

E.g.

Slipping on the ice, Tom broke his ankle. （√）

Breaking his ankle, Tom slipped on the ice （X）

A: modifier placement error；

C：sentence fragment；

D：incorrect parallelism；sentence meaning；

E：incorrect parallelism；sentence meaning；

OG_explaination

Rhetorical construction;Logical predication; Grammatical construction

Thissentence describes a discovery that occurred in 1884 and provides some additionalinformation about the object that was discovered. The most effectively worded answerchoice opens with a past‐participial phrase(discovered . . .) describing the subject of the sentence, the asteroid Ida. Ida’sdiscovery is logically prior to its naming, described in a second past, followingthe subject (named . . .). The sentence is then completed with a present tense linkingverb is + prepositional phrase to explain Ida’s location.

A，Opening with a past perfect passive verb, Having been named, this version of thesentence illogically suggests that being named for a mythological nymph precededthe discovery of Ida.

B，Correct. This version is clear, logically coherent, and grammatically correct.

C，This version of the sentence is ungrammatical; it has no main verb for the subjectthe asteroid Ida.

D，The sequence of events is obscured by the placement of named before discovered inthe compound participial phrases. The infinitive form to orbit is ungrammaticalin place of the relative clause.

E，This sentence awkwardly attempts to use a compound conjunction and to join the pastparticipial phrase discovered in 1884 with the relative clause which was named.. . . The infinitive form to orbit is ungrammatical in place of the relative clause.

Thecorrect answer is B.

联想：PREP07 PART1#110题

The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants

entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

(A) The federal immigration station on Ellis Island, which was first opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, processing nearly three quarters of all

immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

(B) Having processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants who enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the federal

immigration station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892 and then was rebuilt in 1900.

(C) Processing nearly three quarters of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration

station on Ellis Island first opened in 1892, being rebuilt in 1900.

(D) First opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering

the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

(E) Of all immigrants to enter the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed

nearly three quarters of them, having first opened in 1892 and rebuilt in 1900.

OA: D

A: sentence fragment

B：modifier placement error；

C：modifier placement error；

E：modifier error（having first opened…和前面句子不是修饰关系）；

redundancy (of al …. & of them)

lululuna

OG16_37

Not trusting themselves tochoose wisely among the wide array of investment opportunities on the market, stockbrokersare helping many people who turn to them to buy stocks that could be easilybought directly.

(A) stockbrokers are helpingmany people who turn to them to buy stocks that could be easily

(B) stockbrokers are helpingmany people who are turning to them for help in buying stocks that they could easilyhave

(C) many people are turningto stockbrokers for help from them to buy stocks that could be easily

(D) many people are turningto stockbrokers for help to buy stocks that easily could have been

(E) many people are turningto stockbrokers for help in buying stocks that could easily be

*openning modifier
   A/B out
*in doing VS to do

dukb24 语法课

in doing vs. to do

“subject + clause + in verbing”, subject + clause 一定要作为verbing这个action的一部分。=>结合下面OG解释

E.g. I solved all the problems in PREP in preparing for the GMAT.

to do表示目的→ I buy a shoe to run.

OG:  Logical predication; Grammaticalconstruction; Verb form

Thissentence is intended to be about people who, because they do not trust themselvesto make wise investment decisions, turn to stockbrokers for advice. As the sentenceis worded, however, it is stockbrokers who do not trust themselves to choose wisely.The sentence is made even more incomprehensible by the peculiar placement of theadverbs in the phrase, could be easily bought directly.

D.To buy is not idiomatic in this context—in buyingwould be correct—and the tense of the verb could have been does not match the tenseof the verb earlier in the clause; the point is not that people are turning to stockbrokersfor help in buying stocks that at some earlier time could have been bought directly,but rather that the stocks could be bought by the people directly at the very timethey are seeking help from the stockbrokers.

E. Correct. The opening clause correctly modifiesmany people, and the adverb is correctly placed. The correct answer

联想～OG16 Diagnostic Test#36题

New data from United States Forest Service ecologists show that for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the

training of fire management personnel, it saves seven dollars that would not be spent on having to extinguish big fires.

(A) that for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire management personnel, it saves seven dollars

that would not be spent on having to extinguish

(B) that for every dollar spent on controlled small- scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire- management personnel, seven dollars are saved

that would have been spent on extinguishing  

(C) that for every dollar spent on controlled small- scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire- management personnel saves seven dollars on

not having to extinguish

(D) for every dollar spent on controlled small- scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire- management personnel, that it saves seven dollars

on not having to extinguish

(E) for every dollar spent on controlled small- scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire- management personnel, that seven dollars are saved

that would not have been spent on extinguishing

OA: B

A: pronoun error（it没有指代对象)；would not be spent使用错误;;

C: sentence fragment;;

D: sentence fragment;;

E: sentence fragment;;