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发表于 2011-6-19 18:27:21
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Chapter 6 1、形容词与副词是常见的修饰语:形容词只能修饰名词或代词;而副词可以修饰除了名词或代词的一切词,如动词、形容词、副词、短语、介词甚至整个句子。副词通常以-ly结尾。要注意像feel这样的动词后面接形容词而不是副词,因为该形容词修饰的是名词主语而不是feel。如: Amy is feel GOOD. (good修饰主语Amy.) 2、在语法考题里经常会出现两个语法修饰结构:形容词+形容词+名词:在此结构中,两个形容词都修饰名词; 副词+形容词+名词:在此结构中,副词修饰形容词,形容词修饰名词。这两个结构的意思是不一样的,要通过作者的意思来选择。如: Wrong: James Joyce is Max’sSUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor. Right: James Joyce is Max’s SUPPOSEDIrish ancestor. 在这个句子里James Joyce不一定是Max的ancestor,但James Joyce一定是爱尔兰人。所以选择用supposed去修饰名词ancestor。 Wrong: Max’s grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irishancestor. Right : Max’s grandmotheris his SUPPOSEDLYIrish ancestor. 在这句里,问题变成了Max’s grandmother是不是爱尔兰人,而不是grandmother是不是Max的ancestor。所以这里应该选择supposedly修饰Irish。 3、名词修饰语目的在于告诉你更多关于被修饰名词的信息,或者说明句子具体讨论的是哪一个名词。作用就像是一个长的形容词,前一两个单词决定它的词性。 修饰语与被修饰名词:
Type/first word
| 位置
| Example
| 形容词
| 名词前 名词后
| The LAZYcat took a nap. The cat, LAZY form overeating, took a nap.
| 介词
| 名词前 名词后
| On the couch, the cat took a nap. The catON the couch took a nap.
| 过去分词
| 名词前 名词后
| The TIREDcat took a nap. The cat, TIRED from chasing mice, took a nap.
| 现在分词
| 名词前 名词后
| The sleepingcat took a nap. The catsleeping on the rug is named “sue”.
| 关系代词
| 名词后
| The grey cat, WHICH loves tuna, took a nap. The catTHAT lives next door is noisy. A person WHO lives next door is noisy. The cityWHERE I live is noisy.
| 其它名词
| 名词前 名词后
| A LOVER of mice, my cat hunts night and day, The cat, a TABBY raised on a farm, took a nap.
|
4、一个修饰其它名词的名词,叫做同位语。如表里的最后一个例子。 Prep08中的解释: 同位语:同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来,同位语的修饰对象:名词或名词短语或代词 同位结构的特征
起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语;同位语解释的是整个名词,不是名短中某个词,故同位语不是核心词修饰。 必须对其修饰对象具有解释力; 位置:名词前或名词后,一般在修饰对象的后面; 不影响主谓一致(谓语应该和主语保持一致,而不是和同位语);
同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。
同位结构的形式
名词性同位语:名词解释名词。(以下三种,第二个n.后可以跟修饰词)
N., n.;
n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;
the + n., n.(前面的the + n 为同位结构)
内容具体化同位结构:抽象名词(theory/evidence/belief/principle)+that 从句,that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释(注意与of 结构的区别),that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词,连词,和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)
概括性同位语:用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象:短语/句子,n. + that / doing / done...
5、前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰,如: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap. 由于平常在口语中很少使用前置修饰,gmat考试中喜欢在前置修饰中使用tricks。如用现在分词造成dangling modifier。 6、靠近原则:Touch Rule: 名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近,就近修饰(但动词修饰不用互相靠近);如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词,则会产生误解。如: Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get tohis house, which cut through the woods. Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an olddirt road, which cut through the woods. 7、如果名词修饰所修饰的词不在句子里,即缺乏修饰对象,会造成DanglingModifier。如: Wrong: Resigned to the bad news,there was no commotion in the office. Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news. Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.   rep08的解释: DANGLINGMODIFIER: When we begin a sentence with a modifying word, phrase, or clause, wemust make sure the next thing that comes along can, in fact, be modified bythat modifier. When a modifier improperly modifies something, it is called a"dangling modifier." This often happens with beginning participialphrases, making "dangling participles" an all too common phenomenon.In the sentence below, we can't have a car changing its own oil. Confusion: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to runbetter. Repair Work: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he couldget much better gas mileage. *: Aninfinitive phrase can also "dangle." The infinitive phrase belowshould probably modify the person(s) who set up the exercise program. Confusion: To keep the young recruitsinterested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summermonths. Repair Work:To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staffset up an exercise program for the summer months. 8、避免一系列的修饰语修饰同一个名词。将2个很长的修饰语同时放在名词前或名词后,容易造成笨拙和错误。如: Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking andentertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drugabuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Right: Both shocking and entertaining audiencesacross the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation ofcomedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse. 9、注意所有格。所有格形式经常会出现修饰错误。如: Wrong: Unskilled in complex math,Bill’s score on the exam was poor. 这个句子中,不应该是Bill’s score unskilled。而应该是Bill. Wrong: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into atrue art form taken place. 在这个句子中,development会被误认为是aceremonial activity,而句子意思是origami是a ceremonial activity。 10、关系代词引导名词修饰,关系代词有:which、that、who、whose、whom、where、when。 Who和whom修饰人,who修饰主语,whom修饰谓语。which修饰物。 在gmat里that是不能修饰人,whose可以修饰人和物。如:the town whose water supply was contaminated. which和whom有时跟在介词之后。如,through which,forwhom。 That和whom在做宾语时可省略。 where指代具体地点,In which 指代虚拟地点。 when 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间,period、age、1987。也可以用in which修饰 11、限制性名词修饰:无逗号隔开的,用that; 是essential的信息。 非限制性名词修饰:有逗号隔开的,用which;是Non-essential的信息。 12、动词修饰是修饰动词的,信息包括“how”“where”“why”等。最基本的动词修饰是副词,其它的修饰与副词形式相同。
Type/first word
| 位置
| Example
| 副词
| 动词前 动词后
| FREQUENTLY, I walk to the store. I FREQUENTLY walk to the store.
| 介词
| 动词前 动词后
| ON Monday, I walk to the store. I walk to the store on Mondays.
| 从句
| 动词前 动词后
| WHEN my car is broken, I walk to the store. I walk to the store when my car is broken.
|
从属结构用because,although,if,unless,while,so that,while,so on修饰。这些词引导从句,必须依附于一个句子,不能单独为一个句子。 13、有些动词修饰既修饰名词又修饰动词的主语,这时候必须要保证主语和修饰词有意义。 如:
Type/first word
| 位置
| Example
| 现在分词加逗号
| 动词前 动词后
| WHISTLING “beat it”, Ilifted the weight. Ilifted the weight, whistling “beat it”.
| 介词+简单动名词
| 动词前 动词后
| By concentrating, Ilifted the weight. Ilifted the weight by concentrating.
| 表目的的不定式
| 动词前 动词后
| TO Free me leg, Ilifted the weight. Ilifted the weight to free my leg.
|
14、动词修饰比名词修饰相比要更“随意”一些,因为名词修饰必须紧跟被修饰的名词。而动词修饰可以被放在任何位置,以便修饰正确的动词而没有歧义。 15、which VS -ing 1、Which紧跟其修饰的名词,不能修饰一个句子。 2、ing形式做修饰语比which要灵活得多: (1)做形容词,直接修饰名词 (2)可以修饰主语和动词 (3)可以修饰一个从句(此时主句若转化为同意名词,这个名词可作为ing的主语),这种形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。 (4)ing 形式在主系表结构中,可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词 (5)ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后,可以表示与谓语动词同时发生,表伴随,此 时其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。
---------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 7 Verb tense , mood, & voice strategy
1、考虑主谓一致时要同时考虑的三个因素:时态、语态和主被动。
(1)考虑时态的时候,思考动作发生的时间。单个动作很容易看出时态,所以gmat考试里会用多个动作来制造障碍。
(2)考虑语气的时候,要思考作者对这个动作相信什么,想做什么。Gmat考察陈述语气和虚拟语气。大部分情况用陈述语气,但是描述假设等不真实的事件。
(3)主被动考虑的是谁发出的这个动作。主动是主语是动作的执行者,被动时主语是句子的承受者---其他人或事完成了主语的动作。
2、一般时包括一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时。一般现在时经常用来指“永远不变的”或是经常发生的事情。Gmat考试中倾向于用一般时,除非句子明确需要用更复杂的时态来描述。
3、进行时是用来描述正在进行的动作的,包括to do和现在进行时(-ing形式)。不管句子有没有出现right now,只要句子暗示动作正在发生,就要用进行时。不能用进行时描述general definitions,要用一般现在时。
用进行时表示将来太过口语,在gmat中不能用。也不能对state verb用将来时。
4、句子时态要保持一致,除非句子意思明确要求改变时态。但当句子中不止一个动作时,可能需要改变句子时态。如:
HE IS thinner now because he SPENT the last six months on a strict diet.
同时,也可以用过去进行时表示事件发生的背景,再用一般过去时表示之后一个更重要的事情。如:She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIBED.
She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIBED.这个句子里,play发生在arrived之后,而且两个动作同样重要。
5、现在完成时用于表示动作从开始持续到现在,强调对现在仍然有影响。
标志词:for thirty years、since 1987、within等
6、现在完成时一个行为发生在过去,已经结束但现在有影响;而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去,已经结束且对现在没有影响。如用in 2007时,就只能用过去时,而不能用完成时。
7、过去完成时用于一个句子里有两个动作发生在过去的不同时间里。即:过去的过去用过去完成时,过去用一般过去时。如果没有对比,不管过去的时间有多长,也不能用过去完成时。只有强调比过去更远的那个动作时,才用过去完成时。
(2)当先后关系很清楚时,不用过去完成时。如Before 和after 连接的从句,主句不使用完成时态。
(3)and连接的句子。因为并列两个动作,并没有强调哪一个
(4)当句子中只有一个动词的动作发生在过去时,不能使用过去完成时态。
9、只有在必须时才使用完成时,否则要用一般时。原则:
(2)两个动作都发生在过去,需要强调其中早于另一个的那个动作。
10、虚拟语气用于两种情况: (1)不可能或者不真实的事件,即与事实相反。常用if或if的同义词引导。 (2)Hopes, proposals, desires, and requests+ that 这两种结构,一种是假设虚拟语气,一种是命令性的虚拟语气。 11、除了动词to do,必须用were,不用was,假设虚拟语气的对动词的规则与一般过去时相同。 12、if……then的结构幷不仅仅试用于假设虚拟语气,也同样适合其他的时态、语态。 If……then里的then常常被省略。 常见结构: 1.表示确定: If present, then present eg: if she eats pizza, then she becomes ill. 2.表示某种程度的不确定: if present, then can or may If she eats pizza, then she may bocome ill. 3.确定-用于将来时态: if present, then future If she eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. 4.不确定-将来时态: if hypothetical subjunctive, then conditional If she ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill. 5.从未发生-过去式:if past perfect, then conditional perfect If she had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill. 13、命令性的虚拟语气比假设虚拟语气在gmat考试中重要。 以命令性的词汇引导,形式:主语+命令性词汇+that+从句主语+动词原形+… 用法与一般现在时很像,有两个要注意的问题: (1)第三人称单数不加-s (2)to be形式只能用be,而不能用is、are or am 14、常见的命令性词汇有:demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest 只能用不定式的词汇:advise, alllow, forbid, persuade, want 既可以表示命令、又可以接不定式的词汇:ask ,beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, Require 15、具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气。形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气,也可用不定式:如essential, advisable, crucial, desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital 16、避免在whether后面用命令性虚拟语气。这种用法过时啦。 17、由于gmat考试倾向于简洁有效,所以被动要优于主动。 如果仅仅及物动词可以使用被动语态的形式;而宾语不是直接产生动作,永远不要用被动语态 18、但是并不是说被动就一定不对。如:当动作的执行者by 的形式在划线部分以外的时候,可以使用被动语态。这时候要注意句子是否完整。 Wrong:The shuttle launch seen around the world by people of all ages, all races , and all religions. Right: The shuttle launch WAS seen around the world by people of all ages, all races, and all religions. 所以当做题的时候,不用去转换主被动,要注意的是去选择主被动平行的句子。
对应题目: Og:3、19、41、54、67、70、74、85、86、87 Verbal:30、37、38、39、56、74
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 8 comparison strategy
1、对比其实是一种特别的平行,比较句子中的两个(或更多)部分。当做到对比时,首先要找到标志短语,其次找到句子对比的两部分,最后确保进行比较的两部分是平行的。最重要的标志词有:like、unlike、as、then。
其它标志词
like
| As
| Unlike
| As(adj.)as
| More than
| As much as
| Less than
| As little as
| Faster than
| As fast as
| Different from
| The same as
| In contrast to/with
|
|
2、like和as用得很普遍,要注意区分。Like作为介词,可以跟名词、代词或名词短语,不能接从句和介词短语。而as既可以做介词又可以作连词,可以接名词又可以接从句。表示举例for example的时候用such as 不用Like 3、注意确保对比的平行。 (1)逻辑上平行,即对比的两部分要是相同的东西。 (2)形式上平行。即对比的两部分结构上要平行。 4、有所有格时省略比较常见,如My car is bigger than the Smiths’ 。后面的部分即可以指单数,也可以指复数,关键是对比的事物要相同,逻辑上讲得通。 5、只要不会有歧义,可以省略第二部分的单位、动词或整个从句。 6、不要随便省略助动词,除非助动词会使句子wordy不能因为选项中出现很多助动词而随便的排除。 7、there be 的比较不能省略there be、 7、当两个事情比较的时候用比较级形式,当多于两个事情比较的时候用最高级的形式。 以ly结尾的副词的比较级是more +副词,不能改成er形式 比较级中一定要有一个than
从别人的总结里看到的,写的很好~ 比较时注意: 1.比较时候,谓语补出
2.比较对象在句子中的作用
(1)Like (in contrast to) 比较两个名词, ---比较对象在句子中作主语
(2)主语/ 宾语+ 状语的比较形式: more adj + than those/ noun(of ) + 状语
The clothes hanging on the racks inside the store looked more appealing thanthose in the store window.
(3)there be 的比较要抄写there be 部分
There are about as manygym members in the boxing classasthere are in the aerobics class.
(4) more / greater than, 和as 的比较部分尽量动词补出。
3. An alternative way of stating the comparison is the use of two independent clauses connected by but. 陈述比较的可选择方法是使用两个用but 连接的独立从句。
In the United States, farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, but in most parts of Sri Lanka the rains.
比较举例:
1.Like n1…, n2 (主语) + verb….
Unlike n1.., n2 (主语) + verb..
2.In contract to n1…, n2 + verb..
3.In comparison with x, y….
Compared to x, y….
4.Likening ..to 的比较 ,动词不补出
Most of the audience did not enjoy the concert, likeningittothe grinding of metal.
5.More + adj + than
(1)n1 + 状语(比较对象)+ verb + more + adj/adv + thanthose + 状语
The clothes hanging on the racks inside the store looked more appealing thanthose in the store window.
(2) 比较主语的时候,谓语动词补出
The blue dress looksmore flattering on you than the red one does.
(3) 比较状语的时候,谓语动词补出
Three times more students attended the prom this yearthan did last year.
(4) 前面多余2个动词, 比较对象的动词不补出
Joe went to bed early because his will to succeed in the race the following morning was greater thanhis desire to play pool with his friends.
(4) 有年代出现的时候用比较级 2000 years older than
Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years older thanany of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors 6.As + adj + as 的整句比较
(1)There be + as (adj )+ 比较对象1 as there be 比较对象2.
There are about as manygym members in the boxing classasthere are in the aerobics class.
(2 ) 比较动词的时候一定要把主语补出---主语+ 动词---比较对象
Julia was able to climb the treeas fast asher brothers did
(3) as 后面省略了主语 Americans. 当比较部分主语相同时,这种省略是允许的。
In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland ,on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed aswould as later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day. (4) 倍数的比较
--- 成本的格式: X costs twice as much to do as y do.
Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice to maintainas much aspaved roads do.
7.比较对象1 Rather than 比较对象2
Brett decided to use his own moneyrather thanhis parents’ credit card to pay for the stereo.
Og:9、20、32、43、76、82、89、97、99、100
Verbal: 13、25、32、41、44、66、85 Chapter 10 Odds & ends
1、在句子改错中首先应该考虑的是几大原则:主谓一致、平行结构、代词指代、修饰词、时态语态和主被动、对比、习惯用语。当这些原则都没办法选出正确答案时,可以尝试用额外的方法来确定正确答案:连词、标点符号和量词。连词: 2、Run-on sentence:一个正确的句子应该有至少一个主句,当多于两个主句时必须注意要用并列连词去连接两个句子。(并列连词:and、but、or、for、nor……)逗号是不能单独去连接两个句子的,否则就会变成run-on sentence.只要加上连词就可以解决这个问题。如:Wrong: I need to relax, I have so many things to do!Right:I need to relax BUT I have so many things to do!3、用and出现的错误:当你发现有and时,思考它是不是:(1)a list(apples、grapes and pears)(2)连接两个主句。在gmat考试中常常使用and+逗号来使句子不完整。解决方法是将不完整的句子与主句合并。如:Wrong:The term “Eurela,” meaning “I have found it” in ancient Greek AND famously uttered by Archimedes, AND ever since then, scientists have exclaimed the same word upon making important discoveries.在这个句子里,由于and在句子中间,造成了句子的不完整(The term “Eurela,”+两个修饰)。Right:The term “Eurela,” meaning “I have found it” in ancient Greek, WAS famously uttered by Archimedes, AND ever since then, scientists have exclaimed the same word upon making important discoveries. 使and之前的句子完整了。4、主从连词(although、because)连接主句和从句,run-on sentence也可以用主从连词解决。主从连词把一个句子变成从句来显示主句与从句的关系,保证句子的和谐。5、一个句子里只能用一个连词,在连接两个句子时需要注意句子的逻辑意思要合情合理,选择正确的连词,并且区分什么时候是并列什么时候是对比。常见的连词有:And , or , nor, but, yet, although, when, because, for, since, before, after, if, unless6、最后要注意主句后的句子是否是一个真正的句子。如:Wrong:Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.在这个句子里,主句是Citizens of many countries are expressing concern about the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases.主句并没有问题,问题在于接下来的句子may be impossible to reverse幷没有主语。Gmat的出题人想让你以为environmental damage是这个句子的主语,但实际上environmental damage不能一次做两个成分:既是宾语(concern about)又是主语(may be)。解决方法1:把about变成that,使后面的句子变成从句,并且成为may be的主语。Citizens of many countries are expressing concern THAT the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases may be impossible to reverse.解决方法2:把后面的句子变成名词性修饰语。(第6章)Citizens of many countries are expressing concern THAT the environmental damage caused by the widespread release of greenhouse gases, DAMAGE THAT may be impossible to reverse. 标点符号: 7、逗号是最常用的符号,而且不容易用对,万幸的是gmat不会单独考逗号,但是逗号也很重要。需要注意的是,不要用逗号+and去隔开有同一个主语的两个动词。如:Earl walk to school , AND later ate his lunch.(wrong)。也不要单独用逗号去连接两个句子。8、分号连接两个相关的完整的句子。两个叙述必须是独立的句子。如:Wrong:Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; doing everything together.(第二部分不是独立的句子)Right:Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.当发现两个句子有一个是从属于另一个的,要马上改正。如:Right:The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.Wrong:The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.8、连接副词并不是真正的连词(如however、therefore、in addition),这时候要用分号去连接句子。如:Wrong:Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, therefore, we never see them apart.Right:Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; therefore, we never see them apart.9、分号也可以去分开本身就带逗号的部分。如:I listen to Earth, wind & fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.10、分号用于对前一个句子的进一步解释或发展。分词前的句子必须是完整的句子,分词后的部分不能独立的成为一个句子。分号前需要解释的部分与分号后的部分要尽量的接近。11、也可以把主句放在分词之后,关键是主句要对前面的句子有解释力—整个句子。12、分号和冒号的区别在于:分号用于连接两个独立的从句;而冒号第二部分依赖于第一部分。13、破折号:简单来说,用破折号很少有机会出错。略了。量词: 14、考察的第一项:可数与不可数名词的区别Many修饰可数,much 修饰不可数Countable modifiersuncountable modifiers
| Many hatsmuch patience
As many hats as shirtsas much patience as kindness
Few/fewer hatslittle/ less patience
Number of hatsamount of patience
| 15、考察的第二项:两件事物与三个或更多事物之间的区别Relating 2 thingsrelating 3 or more things
| Between X and Yamong X, Y and Z
X is better than YX is the best (among X,Y and Z)
X has more than YX has the most (among X, Y and Z)
X has less than YX has the least (among X, Y and Z)
| 16、考察的第三项:the number of 与 a number of 或 the numbers of。(1)the number 是单数, a number 是一个复数(2)用the numbers of 必错。(3)用numbers的时候要用greater than,而不能用more than。17、考察的第四项:increase和decrease与greater和less的区别。Increase和decrease描述一件事情经过时间的变化,而greater和less指两件事情的比较。要注意increase和decrease与其它同义词在一起会不简洁。对应题目:Og:80、116Verbal:31、82 |
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