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Essay 2 The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
第一步：记住 the general“ density dependence model” can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market) 简单记忆 model 可以用来解释某个专业公司的建立
第二步：看到according to this model，意识到解释开始了， specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density ( total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. 专业公司的建立必须建立在合法和竞争力的基础上。
第三步：继续解释， legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels ,each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings.
Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek-customers,suppliers, and employees -are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels，however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors ,the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
此文谈到密度，合法和竞争力的关系。最后一句点明本文主旨， the MORE ,THE FIERCER AND THE SMALLER
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.
第一步：看到 While 意识到是个观点， a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings.
另一种观点，patterns not consistent with the model。 继续解释 A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while 转折 studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus 结论 a national level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of the foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated.
表明，inconsistency 是重点 legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries，but studies not | 
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发表于 2014-5-4 15:03:24
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