10/9 RC JJ from GWD 印加高地居民的生态农垦圈

帮大家节省时间

唉，我都考到GWD的RC了，怎么verbal只有25啊…(中文翻译出自carolinelmf整理的GWD RC无私的奉献)

1.          GWD-9-Q4 -Q7印加高地居民的生态农垦圈

By the sixteenth century, the Incas                16世纪时，南美印加人统治着沿着太

of South America ruled an empire that             平洋延伸，从今天的厄瓜多尔到智利

extended along the Pacific coast and               中部的安第斯高地的一个帝国。

Line  Andean highlands from what is now

(5)    Ecuador to central Chile. While most        虽然大部分印加人是自给自足的农

of the Incas were self-sufficient                    业户，居住于高地盆地9000尺以

agriculturists, the inhabitants of the                  上的人民可种的农作物是有限的。

highland basins above 9,000 feet were

constrained by the kinds of crops they

(10)   could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent         虽然95%的安第斯首要食物可以在

of the principal Andean food crops can              3000尺以下垦殖，只有20%可以在

be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only                 9000尺以上存活。

20 percent reproduce readily above

9,000 feet. Given this unequal                     面对不平衡的资源分配，高地印加

(15)   resource distribution, highland Incas         人为了扩充他们食物的种类和数量，

needed access to the products of                   需要得到低暖地区的产品。

lower, warmer climatic zones in order

to enlarge the variety and quantity of

their foodstuffs. In most of the prein-               在大部分的前工业化社会，资源配置

(20)   dustrial world, the problem of different       差异的问题是通过终端消费者极难

resource distribution was resolved by              控制的远距离贸易网络解决的。

long-distance trade networks over

which the end consumer exercised

little control.
            Although the peoples                  虽然安第斯高地的人民参与这种网

(25)   of the Andean highlands participated         络，他们还是主要依靠维护尽量多

in such networks, they relied primarily              的生态区域里的自治生产力量。

on the maintenance of autonomous

production forces in as many ecological

zones as possible. The                              区域所产的商品被提炼加工运送，

(30)   commodities produced in these               这些全部由一个单独团体的成员

zones were extracted, processed,                    去做。

and transported entirely by members

of a single group.提出问题及解决方案

This strategy of direct access                        这种由一个单独团体直接掌握最

(35)   to a maximum number of ecological          多的生态区域的策略叫做垂直经

zones by a single group is called                     济。

vertical economy. Even today,                       时至今天，你可以看到安第斯社区

one can see Andean communities                   同时保持着12000尺以上牧场，

maintaining use rights simultaneously                9000尺以上盆地薯田，及6000尺

(40)   to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to         以下温暖农地的使用权力。

potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet,

and to plots of warm-land crops in

regions below 6,000 feet. This                       这个策略有两个主要变量。

strategy has two principal variations.

(45)   The first is “compressed verticality,”         第一个叫扁平垂直，即一个独立村

in which a single village resides in                   庄住在容易控制附近生态区的地方。

a location that permits easy access

to closely located ecological zones.

Different crop zones or pasturelands                 不同的农业区域或牧场与父系社区

(50)   are located within a few days walk of         都近在咫尺。

the parent community. Community                  社区成员可能临时住在其中一个低

members may reside temporarily                    的区域以管理家里无法获得的产品

in one of the lower zones to manage                 的提炼。

the extraction of products unavailable

(55)   in the homeland. In the second variation,      第二个叫垂直群岛，即村庄在广泛

called the “vertical archipelago,”                    分布的地方开发资源，构建一系列

the village exploits resources in widely                独立的生产“岛屿”。

dispersed locations, constituting a

series of independent production

(60)  “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian             在某些前哥伦比亚印加社会中，各

Inca societies, groups were sent from                团体离开家园，被派往遥远的热带

the home territory to establish permanent            森林或沿岸地区建立永久卫星社区

satellite communities or colonies                     或殖民地。

in distant tropical forests or coastal

(65)   locations. There the colonists grew           在那里这些殖民家种植农作物，

crops and extracted products for their               提取自用和运给高海拔同胞的产品。

own use and for transshipment back

to their high-altitude compatriots.

In contrast to the compressed                     相对于扁平垂直系统，群岛系统里

(70)   verticality system, in this system,             是商品而非人在群岛里流通。

commodities rather than people

circulated through the archipelago.具体介绍解决方案

问题解决

逻辑简图：

1P: 16C, Incas lived above 9000feet, whereas,.. unequal resources distribution… problem resolved by trade network exercised little control. Although, relied on primarily…. 

2P: strategy called vertical economy. Two principle variations: compressed verticality(temporarily); vertical archipelago(permanent).. In contrast to….

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

A. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.反

B. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.

C. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.文中没有,自己推出来的

D. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.

E. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q5:

According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?

A. Following self-sufficient agricultural practices

B. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins

C. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks

D. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands

E. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

A. commodities to reach the end consumer faster

B. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer

C. a single group to maintain control over the production process

D. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones

E. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques

This strategy of direct access
            to a maximum number of ecological
        zones by a single group is called
        vertical economy.

Given this unequal
        resource distribution, highland Incas
        needed access to the products of
        lower, warmer climatic zones in order
        to enlarge the variety and quantity of
        their foodstuffs. In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different
        resource distribution was resolved by
        long-distance trade networks over
        which the end
        consumer exercised
        little control.
            Although the peoples
            of the Andean highlands
        participated
        in such networks, they relied primarily
        on the maintenance of
        autonomous
        production forces in as many ecological
        zones as possible. The
            commodities produced in these
        zones were extracted, processed,
        and transported entirely by members
        of a single group.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q7:

The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?

A. The village’s location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks.

B. The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community.

C. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet.

D. The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones.

E. The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village.

前两道一样

第3道题起我不复记忆了

抱歉

太牛了！