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[求助]FeiFei-64关于充分条件和必要条件

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楼主
发表于 2006-11-3 10:56:00 | 只看该作者

[求助]FeiFei-64关于充分条件和必要条件

If the city council institutes new parking regulations, city revenues will surely increase, since studies have conclusively shown that, if such parking regulations are put into effect, there is an increase in parking violations, and an increase in parking violations will result in a greater number of parking fines collected.  

64. If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true?

(A) Unless there is an increase in the number of parking violations in the city, city revenues will not increase.

(B) If the city council institutes new parking regulations, the council will fall from favor with the citizens.

(C) The city council will institute new parking regulations only if an increase in city revenues can be expected to result.

(D) If the city council’s new regulations cause more parking violators to be ticketed, the city revenues will increase.

(E) Unless the city institutes a complex system of parking regulations, the city cannot expect traffic violations to increase.


   

是最近几天翻lawyer的老帖,才了解了一点充分条件和必要条件,但是好像还是不太会用。这个题目我觉得很典型,选项里充满了充分条件、必要条件的指示词,尝试分析如下,欢迎指正,一起探讨。

原文推理链如下:

institutes new parking regulations —〉increase in parking violations—〉a greater number of parking fines collected—>city revenues will  increase

A   Unless there is an increase in the number of parking violations in the city, city revenues will not increase.

     错误原因:推理链显示 an increase in the number of parking violations 是充分条件,而这里将原文的If 改成unless,变为必要条件。

B   If the city council institutes new parking regulations, the council will fall from favor with the citizens.

    错因:fall from favor with the citizens 是原文没有的新信息,排除。

C   The city council will institute new parking regulations only if an increase in city revenues can be expected to result

   
     疑惑:据推理链,an increase in city revenues can be expected to result 的确是必要条件啊,only if  后面接必要条件没有错啊。 但是根据“感觉”,又觉得此项说的和原为的意思有点出入。 所以我就不明白了,是听从感觉呢,还是依从方法,还是我分析充分必要的时候分析错了?请NN指教!

D  If the city council’s new regulations cause more parking violators to be ticketed, the city revenues will increase.

   if 后的是充分条件,符合推理链。答案是原文某两句话的结合。

E   Unless the city institutes a complex system of parking regulations, the city cannot expect traffic violations to increase

   错因:同A。将if 换成unless,将原文的充分条件改为必要条件。

以上是我的分析和疑惑,请帮忙看看,这样分析对吗?需要这样地分析吗?C项的疑惑,该怎样解开呢?先谢谢了~~~


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-11-3 11:01:00编辑过]
沙发
发表于 2006-11-3 15:16:00 | 只看该作者

不是NN,不过觉得这里确实和原文有出入。

即,C的后半句简化为increase can be expected

这个和逻辑链最后一个city revenues will  increase 还是有差别的吧

就是说,增长是一个结果(这个应该没问题吧),而预期增长则应该发生在所有事件之前的。

=========

说道这里的关系,我想起feifei曾经举过一个例子 (因为他评价为很BT,所以有印象),即

准备GMAT-->想出国

但是这里的时间顺序却是因为想出国在前,所以准备GMAT。由于必要条件事件在前,所以必要条件是因,充分条件是果。

我当时想了很久,没有想通。后来靠取非大约有些明白,这里如果是真的NN,帮我也解释一下好么?

因为其因果关系是没有什么异议的,主要是其充分、必要的关系。我只能靠逆否来确认。不想出国-->不考GMAT,貌似正确。

或是类似的 GMAT考得很烂-->不好好准备  好好准备-->GMAT考得好 都是这样的例子吧···

==========

回到本题,我觉得其实C也是和这个例子一样的。C是说,通过规定-->收入预期增长

因为其必要条件的时间顺序是先于充分条件,所以,其实这里要求后者是前者的原因。

但是文章中,未提到关于制定规定是为了提高收入。所以这里存在问题。


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-11-3 15:24:53编辑过]
板凳
发表于 2006-11-3 20:56:00 | 只看该作者

i agree with latecomer!c的语气都错了...只有收入预计增长才能够颁布一个新条款

关于充分必要条件可以自己到版里搜搜,很多的~~~if ,unless,only by,depend on ,necessary,responsible.......

地板
发表于 2006-11-3 22:39:00 | 只看该作者
俺觉得楼主对if such parking regulations are put into effect, , and an increase in parking violations will result in a greater number of parking fines collected.  理解有误。本文结论是第一句:If the city council institutes new parking regulations, city revenues will surely increase.但是there is an increase in parking violations是用来支持推理的附条件。cause and effect说的是regulation and revenue,而不是regulation and increased violation
5#
发表于 2006-11-3 23:34:00 | 只看该作者

原文的推理是:

1.institutes new parking regulations—>city revenues will  increase

2.parking regulations are put into effect—〉increase in parking violations—〉a greater number of parking fines collected

注意1和2之间没有充分必要关系,所以不能连起来.So D is wrong.但可以说a greater number of parking fines collected和city revenues will  increase 之间有因果关系.只有IF之类的充分必要词,才有充分必要关系.

A.city revenues will increase--->increase in the number of parking violations 原文不存在这样的关系

BDE.不存在

C.逻辑关系1.city revenues will surely increase和an increase in city revenues can be expected to result. 意思一致


[此贴子已经被作者于2006-11-3 23:37:49编辑过]
6#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-4 04:03:00 | 只看该作者
谢谢楼上的各位,不过感觉大家意见分歧还比较大,是我没领会精髓吗?
7#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-4 04:14:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用lawyer_1在2006-11-3 23:34:00的发言:

原文的推理是:

1.institutes new parking regulations—>city revenues will  increase

2.parking regulations are put into effect—〉increase in parking violations—〉a greater number of parking fines collected

注意1和2之间没有充分必要关系,所以不能连起来.So D is wrong.但可以说a greater number of parking fines collected和city revenues will  increase 之间有因果关系.只有IF之类的充分必要词,才有充分必要关系.

lawyer的意思是,原文没有if等词明确表明充分必要关系的,选项也不可以任意地给两个元素冠以这样的关系。若两个元素在原文说的是因果关系,选项不可以变为充分必要;同样,原文的充分必要关系,选项也不可以变为因果。

理解了,但是lawyer您挑战答案了,这题的答案说的是D的,迷惑了。

 

8#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-4 04:27:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用FlowerJay在2006-11-3 22:39:00的发言:
俺觉得楼主对if such parking regulations are put into effect, , and an increase in parking violations will result in a greater number of parking fines collected.  理解有误。本文结论是第一句:If the city council institutes new parking regulations, city revenues will surely increase.但是there is an increase in parking violations是用来支持推理的附条件。cause and effect说的是regulation and revenue,而不是regulation and increased violation

首先谢谢您。关于这一句,if such parking regulations are put into effect, ……, and an increase in parking violations will result in a greater number of parking fines collected.
    

您的意思是这一句和第一句没有充分必要关系,不能加进第一句的推理链里吗?这一点我现在明白了,lawyer也是这么说的。

后面一句,cause and effect说的是regulation and revenue,而不是regulation and increased violation,看了lawyer帖子后,有点不明白了。若有空,欢迎继续探讨。

9#
 楼主| 发表于 2006-11-8 06:08:00 | 只看该作者

up

继续求救

10#
发表于 2006-11-8 10:00:00 | 只看该作者

犹豫了很久

一直在C和D之间犹豫

感觉基本是这样的:

A:Parking regulation put into effect----》【B:Parking vialations increase(这是一个事实 there be 结构说明)---》revenue increase】

选项C:parking regulations ---》revenue increase

选项D:【new regulations ---> more parking violators】----> the city revenues will increase.

对于D选项我觉的【new regulations ---> more parking violators】与原文是不符合的。原文中,new regulations 不会导致more parking violators,而是因为有more parking violators加上regulations才会导致revenue增加。

所以对D我还是放弃了。支持了C

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