mumu逻辑简图OG12th的第五篇分析，欢迎拍砖！！！

xiaoxiaomi · 发表于 2011-4-7 22:10:20

最近在总结OG12的阅读，用木木逻辑简图分析总结，不知道方法运用是否得当，总结分析的是否正确，恳请大斑大N指点！！！

LineIn terrestrial environments, gravity places
special demands on the cardiovascular systems of
animals. Gravitational pressure can cause blood to
pool in the lower regions of the body, making it

(5)difficult to circulate blood to critical organs such as
the brain. Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit
adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the
force of gravity(现象解释型).

重力影响生物体内的血液循环，有一种陆地蛇可以适应重力影响

The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best

(10) illustrated by what happens to live;">sea snakes when

removed from their supportive medium.（主题句，陆地蛇的

适应性可以由海蛇被移到陆地上的反映来解释）Becausethe
vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels
are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the
surrounding water,the distribution of blood

(15) throughout the body of sea snakes remains about
the same regardless of their orientation in space,
provided they remain in the ocean. When removed
from the water and tilted at various angles with the
head up,however, blood pressure at their midpoint

(20) drops significantly, and at brain level falls to zero.
That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial
orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory
failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them
to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those

(25) orientations.

海蛇在水里呈水平状态的时候不受重力对血液循环的影响，被抵消，但把它倾斜特定

的角度或改变方向后身体中部的血压就急剧下降，脑部的将为零。但陆地蛇不会

这样，说明可以很好适应。

One such adaptation（解释上文提到的adaptation） is the closer proximity of the
terrestrial snake's heart to its head（陆地蛇）, which helps to
ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the
snake's orientation in space. The heart of sea snakes

(30) can be located near the middle of the body,(差异点)
position that minimizes the work entailed in
circulating blood to both extremities. In arboreal
snakes, however,(举例，A蛇) which dwell in trees and often
assume a vertical posture, the average distance

(35) from the heart to the head can be as little as 15
percent of overall body length（A蛇特点）. Such a location
requires that blood circulated to the tail of the
snake travel a greater distance back to the heart,
a problem solved by another adaptation. When

(40) climbing, arboreal snakes often pause

momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing waves
of muscle contraction（A蛇又一特点） that advance from the lower
torso to the head. By compressing the veins and
forcing blood forward, these contractions

(45) apparently improve the flow of venous blood
returning to the heart.

解释第二段提到的adaptation,海蛇心脏在身体中部。又举A蛇，说明垂直

的状况，心脏和大脑离得很近

逻辑简图：

第一段：gravity影响pressure影响blood circulation,陆地蛇in particular不受影响（TS）（结论）

第二段：陆地蛇的问题可以explained by 海蛇：honrizontal:counteract;tilted or angle:drop significently, pressure in brain is zero. 陆地蛇不会，有适应性

第三段：说明adaptation, midpoint of the body. 又举例一种陆地舍，A蛇，vertical，less than 15cm, muscle contraction.

18.The passage provides information in support of which
of the following assertions?

类比题（事实题），无定位，重点看主题句，将具体抽象出来

(A)The disadvantages of an adaptation to a
particular feature of an environment often
outweigh the advantages of such an adaptation.（无）

(B)An organism's reaction to being placed in an
environment to which it is not well adapted can
sometimes illustrate the problems that have
been solved by the adaptations of organisms
indigenous to that environment.（海蛇被放到陆地上不能

适应重力解释了陆地蛇在陆地上对重力的影响）

定位文章主题句：The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best

illustrated by what happens to sea snakeswhen

removed from their supportive medium

(C)The effectiveness of an organism's adaptation to
a particular feature of its environment can only（极端词）
be evaluated by examining the effectiveness
with which organisms of other species have
adapted to a similar feature of a different
environment.

(D)Organisms of the same species that inhabit
strikingly different environments will often adapt
in remarkably similar ways to the few features of
those environments that are common.（反）

(E)Different species of organisms living in the same
environment will seldom adapt to features of
that environment in the same way

19.According to the passage, one reason that the
distribution of blood in the live;">sea snake changes little
while the creature remains in the ocean is that

观点题（细节题），定位，之前逻辑简图的时候说过是counteract

(A)the heart of the sea snake tends to be located
near the center of its body(混，定位第三段)

(B)pressure gradients in the water surrounding the
sea snake counter the effects of vertical
pressure gradients within its blood vessels

(C)the sea snake assumes a vertical posture less
frequently than do the terrestrial and the
arboreal snake（定位第三段，错）

(D)the sea snake often relies on waves of muscle
contractions to help move blood from the torso
to the head（定位第三段，错）

(E)the force of pressure gradients in the water
surrounding the sea snake exceeds that of
vertical pressure gradients within its circulatory
system（无）

20.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
following is true of species of live;">terrestrial snakes that
often need to assume a vertical posture?

推断题，定位第三段

(A)They are more likely to be susceptible to
circulatory failure in vertical postures than are
sea snakes.（反）

(B)Their hearts are less likely to be located at the
midpoint of their bodies than is the case with
sea snakes.（海蛇在中间，however，陆地蛇和海蛇不同，就不在中间）

(C)They cannot counteract the pooling of blood in
lower regions of their bodies as effectively as
sea snakes can.（无）

(D)The blood pressure at their midpoint decreases
significantly when they are tilted with their
heads up.（混，定位第二段）

(E)They are unable to rely on muscle contractions（反）
to move venous blood from the lower torso to
the head.

21.The author describes the behavior of the circulatory
system of sea snakes when they are removed from
the ocean (see lines 17-20) primarily in order to

目的题（细节题，定位）

(A)illustrate what would occur in the circulatory
system of terrestrial snakes without adaptations
that enable them to regulate their blood
pressure in vertical orientations（目的题，不看描述内容本身，看之前或之后的总结句。段首主题句说：t的适应性可以由S被移到陆地上反映来解释；后一句说，T的不同于S蛇的可以适应说明了adaptation）

(B)explain why arboreal snakes in vertical
orientations must rely on muscle contractions to
restore blood pressure to the brain（定位第三段，错）

(C)illustrate the effects of circulatory failure on the
behavior of arboreal snakes（定位第三段，错）

(D)illustrate the superiority of the circulatory
system of the terrestrial snake to that of the sea
snake（无）

(E)explain how changes in spatial orientation can
adversely affect the circulatory system of
snakes with hearts located in relatively close
proximity to their heads（定位，错）

22.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
following is a true statement about sea snakes?

推断题，定位第二段

(A)They frequently rely on waves of muscle
contractions from the lower torso to the head to
supplement the work of the heart.（第三段，错）

(B)They cannot effectively regulate their blood
pressure when placed in seawater and tilted at
an angle with the head pointed downward.（反）

(0They are more likely to have a heart located in .
close proximity to their heads than are arboreal
snakes.（第三段，错）

(D)They become acutely vulnerable to the effects
of gravitational pressure on their circulatory
systemwhen they are placed in a terrestrial
environment.

(E)Their cardiovascular system is not as
complicated as that of arboreal snakes（无）

23.The author suggests that which of the following is a
disadvantage that results from the location of a
snake's heart in close proximity to its head?

推断题，定位第三段

(A)A decrease in the efficiency with which the snake
regulates the flow of blood to the brain（反）

(B)A decrease in the number of orientations in
space that a snake can assume without loss of
blood flow to the brain（反）

(C)A decrease in blood pressure at the snake's
midpoint when it is tilted at various angles with
its head up（定位第二段，海蛇的内容）

(D)An increase in the tendency of blood to pool at
the snake's head when the snake is tilted at
various angles with its head down（定位第二段）

(E)An increase in the amount of effort required to
distribute blood to and from the snake's tail

（Such a locationrequires that blood circulated to the tail of the
snake travel a greater distance back to the heart）

24.The primary purpose of the third paragraph is to

主题题，定位第三段（举例解释adaptation）

(A)introduce a topic that is not discussed earlier in
the passage

(B)describe a more efficient method of achieving
an effectdiscussed in the previous paragraph

(C)draw a conclusion based on information
elaborated in the previous paragraph

(D)discuss two specific examplesof phenomena
mentioned at the end of the previous paragraph

(E)introduce evidence that undermines a view
reported earlier in the passage

25.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
doing which of the following?

主题题，文章架构

(A)Explaining adaptations that enable the terrestrial
snake to cope with the effects of gravitational
pressure on its circulatory system（论述中心）

(B)Comparing the circulatory system of the sea
snake with that of the terrestrial snake

(0Explaining why the circulatory system of the
terrestrial snake is different from that of the sea
snake

(D)Pointing out features of the terrestrial snake's
cardiovascular system that make it superior to
that of the sea snake

(E)Explaining how the sea snake is able to
neutralize the effects of gravitational pressure
on its circulatory system

boystar · 发表于 2011-4-7 22:15:50

整理的不错，顶一个!

毛毛carina · 发表于 2011-4-8 11:58:02

可以啊，很不错~~~就这样分析

edison890424 · 发表于 2011-4-9 17:05:48

看了楼主文章分析，感觉楼主很多细节的地方没有读懂啊。
第一段里最后一句说的是陆地蛇通过adaption来对抗gravity的影响，而并不是说不受影响；adaption是一个贯穿全文的中心词，不应在第一段里被忽略。

第二段海蛇的例子是为了说明第一段里说的问题确实存在。海蛇在海里的时候并不是永远水平的，直立时也会因为海水的压强抵消重力的作用。用一点背景知识解释就是越高的地方重力势能越大，水越深的地方压强越大，所以海蛇在水里头朝上直立的时候作用在尾部比较大的压力抵消了头部的重力。在被放在陆地上的时候海蛇因为没有了海水的帮助，所以直立时会供血不足。这个例子是想说明如果陆地蛇如果没有adaption就会遇到海蛇上岸的问题。

第三段讲的是陆地蛇的具体adaption：心脏离大脑近，减轻了送血的负担。后面之所以提到A蛇（其实就是树蛇，是陆地蛇的一种），是因为它直立的频率太高以至于心脏离大脑更近而引发了新的问题——尾巴供血不足，而muscle contraction（肌肉收缩）就是为了解决这一新问题的又一个adaption。

所以说全文根本就是围绕adaption展开的。第一段需要抓住这个关键词，第二段须正确理解段落的作用：adaption的必要性，第三段要明确两种具体adaption之间的关系。

楼主的题目我还没有看，楼主可以和我的解释比对一下，看看能不能解释得更清楚。

xiaoxiaomi · 发表于 2011-4-9 19:07:31

看了楼主文章分析，感觉楼主很多细节的地方没有读懂啊。
第一段里最后一句说的是陆地蛇通过adaption来对抗gravity的影响，而并不是说不受影响；adaption是一个贯穿全文的中心词，不应在第一段里被忽略。

第二段海蛇的例子是为了说明第一段里说的问题确实存在。海蛇在海里的时候并不是永远水平的，直立时也会因为海水的压强抵消重力的作用。用一点背景知识解释就是越高的地方重力势能越大，水越深的地方压强越大，所以海蛇在水里头朝上直立的时候作用在尾部比较大的压力抵消了头部的重力。在被放在陆地上的时候海蛇因为没有了海水的帮助，所以直立时会供血不足。这个例子是想说明如果陆地蛇如果没有adaption就会遇到海蛇上岸的问题。

第三段讲的是陆地蛇的具体adaption：心脏离大脑近，减轻了送血的负担。后面之所以提到A蛇（其实就是树蛇，是陆地蛇的一种），是因为它直立的频率太高以至于心脏离大脑更近而引发了新的问题——尾巴供血不足，而muscle contraction（肌肉收缩）就是为了解决这一新问题的又一个adaption。

所以说全文根本就是围绕adaption展开的。第一段需要抓住这个关键词，第二段须正确理解段落的作用：adaption的必要性，第三段要明确两种具体adaption之间的关系。

楼主的题目我还没有看，楼主可以和我的解释比对一下，看看能不能解释得更清楚。

-- by 会员 edison890424 (2011/4/9 17:05:48)

非常感谢啊，这样一说文章的逻辑框架就清楚了，开始的时候确实不太清楚第二段据海蛇的例子是什么作用

mumu逻辑简图OG12th的第五篇分析，欢迎拍砖！！！

所属分类: GMAT考试

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