15号北美 640 JJ

请JJ作者确认

段一：金星上的craters很少，解释一：它和地球一样有大气层，所以小陨石还没到地面就销毁了。（精确的说貌似是15个单位的直径或是半径大小的陨石）但是这个解释不能很好的解释金星craters少（因为大陨石坑不多，小陨石坑也还有）

段二：解释二，内容全忘。。。，继续被推翻

段三：解释三,金星的地址运动使craters少， 改良解释三，某科学家根据解释三造了一个模型，但是，还是不能完全解释金星上坑少的问题。

是下面的JJ么？？

5.venus星球问题

[本月]

版本一:有一个VENUS星球的问题, 是讲的VENUS上面有某某特征, 忘记了，
        那个次我不认识。第二段讲的是地球上也有这个特征 ,但是因为地球有风啊水啊啥的所以这些东西变的没那么多了. 因为金星上没有水，
        所以出现这个东西应该是靠火山爆发之类的.
中间出现了很多哥们儿有不同的观点。
第二段出现俩哥们M something，
第三段出现一哥们P。 P提出一个观点貌似解释了某问题，但是存在一个缺陷，
第一题问的这个缺陷是什么。还有一个题目问的是P和另外俩哥们有什么共同的地方。

版本二:第三篇就是著名的Venus表面研究了。题目分布较广，4段里都有题。

版本三: 说明科学家发现Venus上面很少craters,已知小的meteorite(<15m之类)的为何为校少的原因,但不知道为甚麽连大的crater都没有,
中间的部份忘掉了,
最後一段是有两个学者分别提出Venus上crater的distribution pattern的解释,但都有缺点
(有考这两个学者是对什麽做解释,还有考文章架构是什麽)

版本4

第一段说的是科学家预测金星上应该有很多的大于某个具体面积的Craters（陨石坑）,因为金星的大气层比较厚，只有大的陨石才能穿透大气层掉到金星表面上然而，根据某M探测器的证据显示，金星上的陨石坑数量远低于科学家预测的数目。（此处有一题，问的是科学家所预测的是什么）初步的解释是因为进行上一个大型地理运动。

第二段有两个人提出理论解释原因，
        说是因为金星上的water and wind（应该意思是水蚀和风化）
        使陨石坑消失了，
        其理论依据是地球上的陨石坑也不多，是因为这个原因。但是，有证据表明这个理论并不能解释此现象。因为金星上并没有如地球上有的水和风。

第三段说的是一个叫Philip的人提出另外一个解释，但是也有一个不足之处。注意文章中有提到Immenc的那句话，在后面的题里有此考点，但是把immence换成了同义的另外一个词，好像是big/huge. 有可能为正确选项。

此文结构清晰，先说一个出乎科学家预测的现象，
        再依次说解释的理论和不足之处。有一个问题是问第二段和第三段的解释观点的共同点。

[考古]

版本1
好像是在比较地球火山曾的地形和VENUS的地形，第二段是一个学派的看法，第三段是第二个学派的看法，两个学派持想反意见。
版本2
说一种什么地形形成的原因 35－38左右，40多行
            
第一段说了一种地形（好像是P什么来着）并详细描述了一下
            
第二段说两个人提出一理论解释。说金星上怎么怎么着，大概是和这现象类似，然后提出理论
            
第三段说另一人(斯基)不同意拿地球和金星比，因为。。。，然后又although让步了一下
            
版本3
第一段：金星Venus地表现象 VENUS 的地表情况，有两种理论。
第二段，评价第一种理论，并与地球的比较。
第三段，评价第二种理论。
            
版本4
自
        从xx宇宙飞船到达金星地表后发现了一个其地表上突起的高地(highland、upland), 对于这个高地的成因,各方有不同的推测. 学者a与b二人,提出与大西洋(the Atlantic)中洋脊(mid-ocean ridge)形成原因相似之理论,但他们的学说终究是以金星的地壳结构应相似于地球的前提来作讨论,另一学者c提出一全然不同理论,(细节忘了), 但终究无一定论.
版本5
第一段讲金星上面表面有什么现象，大概好像是火山痕迹等等的
            
第二段讲有牛人把这种现象和地球表面上的现象比较，
            
第三段忘记了：金星（Venus）地表现象，与地球比较等
 题目：一、主题题：二、问第三段的人不同意第二段的人什么，我选不应该把两个星球相比
            
版本6
Venus上的地形的形成，先是两个学家把Venus同地球相比，后来又有一个叫什么斯基的人否定了他们的理论，并指出他们理论的不足之处：Venus同
        地球是没有可比性的。
            
版本7
第一段讲金星上面表面有什么现象，自从xx宇宙飞船到达金星地表后发现了一个其地表上突起的高地(highland、upland), 对于这个高地的成因,各方有不同的推测. 
第二段讲有牛人把这种现象和地球表面上的现象比较，说是与地球的形成是类似的
第三段忘记了另一个学者反对这种观点。他又指出金星上某个东东（terran之类的）是一种证据，证明他的理论。

请问第四篇阅读是下面的阅读么？

1.        GWD-12-Q35-Q37质疑企业存款和企业投资影响利率变动的观点

      Many economists believe that a              很多经济学家相信，美国高企业储

       high rate of business savings in the           蓄率是投资的必要先兆，因为企业

       United States is a necessary precursor         积蓄与个人积蓄不同，几乎包含了

Line       to investment, because business sav-          国家储蓄率的4分之3，而国家储

  (5)      ings, as opposed to personal savings,
                 蓄率极大影响商业投资的整体比率

comprise almost three-quarters of the

national savings rate, and the national

savings rate heavily influences the

overall rate of business investment.

 (10)      These economists further postulate         这些经济学家进一步假定真实利率

that real interest rates—the difference               -贷率与通胀率之差-在国家储蓄超

between the rates charged by lenders               过商业投资(造成储蓄过剩)的情况

and the inflation rates—will be low when             下会较低，反之较高。

national savings exceed business

 (15)      investment (creating a savings surplus),

and high when national savings fall

below the level of business investment

(creating a savings deficit ).  However,
                        然而，在1960’s，真实利率在国家

during the 1960’s
            real interest rates                 储蓄过剩的情况下经常较高。

 (20)      were often higher when the national

       savings surplus was large.  Counter-            相反的情况同样发生，从1980到

       intuitive behavior also occurred when            1982年，虽然国家储蓄与投资大

real interest rates skyrocketed from                  体持平，真实利率从2%飙升至7%

2 percent in 1980 to 7 percent in 1982,

 (25)      even though national savings and

investments were roughly equal

throughout the period.  Clearly, real                 很明显，真实利率并非受储蓄/投资

interest rates respond to influences                  关系的影响。

other than the savings/investment

 (30)      nexus.  Indeed, real interest rates may      确实，真实利率可能本身就影响储

themselves influence swings in the                   蓄和投资率的波动。

savings and investment rates.  As real               当真实利率在1979年后猛升，外

       interest rates shot up after 1979, for-              国投资者向美国灌输资金，国内

eign investors poured capital into the                 商品价格在国外升得可怕，而国内

 (35)
                United States, the price of domestic          的外国商品价格变得更低。

goods increased prohibitively abroad,

and the price of foreign-made goods

became lower in the United States.  As               结果，国内经济活动与企业储蓄

       a result, domestic economic activity               投资能力受到限制。

 (40)      and the ability of businesses to save

and invest were restrained.

新老观点

Many economists believe that business savings is a necessary because…. These economists further postulated….  However, 1960, real interest rate….. behavior also… indeed…. As a result…..

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q35:

The passage is primarily concerned with

A.     contrasting trends in two historical periods

B.     presenting evidence that calls into question certain beliefs注意文章套路

C.     explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon不准确

D.     criticizing evidence offered in support of a well-respected belief

E.     comparing conflicting interpretations
            of a theory

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q36:

According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?

A.     An increase in real interest rates

B.     A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations

C.     An increase in American investment abroad

D.     An increase in the price of American goods abroad

E.     A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q37:

The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?

1. Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s.注意文章套路，作者观点

2. Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase.

3. They incorrectly identify the factors
                   other than savings and investment rates that affect real interest rates.

4. Their belief is valid only for the United States economy and not necessarily for other national economies.

5. They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate on the national savings and investment rates.

请问第四篇阅读是下面的阅读么？

1.        GWD-12-Q35-Q37质疑企业存款和企业投资影响利率变动的观点

      Many economists believe that a              很多经济学家相信，美国高企业储

       high rate of business savings in the           蓄率是投资的必要先兆，因为企业

       United States is a necessary precursor         积蓄与个人积蓄不同，几乎包含了

Line       to investment, because business sav-          国家储蓄率的4分之3，而国家储

  (5)      ings, as opposed to personal savings,
                 蓄率极大影响商业投资的整体比率

comprise almost three-quarters of the

national savings rate, and the national

savings rate heavily influences the

overall rate of business investment.

 (10)      These economists further postulate         这些经济学家进一步假定真实利率

that real interest rates—the difference               -贷率与通胀率之差-在国家储蓄超

between the rates charged by lenders               过商业投资(造成储蓄过剩)的情况

and the inflation rates—will be low when             下会较低，反之较高。

national savings exceed business

 (15)      investment (creating a savings surplus),

and high when national savings fall

below the level of business investment

(creating a savings deficit ).  However,
                        然而，在1960’s，真实利率在国家

during the 1960’s
            real interest rates                 储蓄过剩的情况下经常较高。

 (20)      were often higher when the national

       savings surplus was large.  Counter-            相反的情况同样发生，从1980到

       intuitive behavior also occurred when            1982年，虽然国家储蓄与投资大

real interest rates skyrocketed from                  体持平，真实利率从2%飙升至7%

2 percent in 1980 to 7 percent in 1982,

 (25)      even though national savings and

investments were roughly equal

throughout the period.  Clearly, real                 很明显，真实利率并非受储蓄/投资

interest rates respond to influences                  关系的影响。

other than the savings/investment

 (30)      nexus.  Indeed, real interest rates may      确实，真实利率可能本身就影响储

themselves influence swings in the                   蓄和投资率的波动。

savings and investment rates.  As real               当真实利率在1979年后猛升，外

       interest rates shot up after 1979, for-              国投资者向美国灌输资金，国内

eign investors poured capital into the                 商品价格在国外升得可怕，而国内

 (35)
                United States, the price of domestic          的外国商品价格变得更低。

goods increased prohibitively abroad,

and the price of foreign-made goods

became lower in the United States.  As               结果，国内经济活动与企业储蓄

       a result, domestic economic activity               投资能力受到限制。

 (40)      and the ability of businesses to save

and invest were restrained.

新老观点

Many economists believe that business savings is a necessary because…. These economists further postulated….  However, 1960, real interest rate….. behavior also… indeed…. As a result…..

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q35:

The passage is primarily concerned with

A.     contrasting trends in two historical periods

B.     presenting evidence that calls into question certain beliefs注意文章套路

C.     explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon不准确

D.     criticizing evidence offered in support of a well-respected belief

E.     comparing conflicting interpretations
            of a theory

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q36:

According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?

A.     An increase in real interest rates

B.     A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations

C.     An increase in American investment abroad

D.     An increase in the price of American goods abroad

E.     A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-12-Q37:

The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?

1. Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s.注意文章套路，作者观点

2. Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase.

3. They incorrectly identify the factors
                   other than savings and investment rates that affect real interest rates.

4. Their belief is valid only for the United States economy and not necessarily for other national economies.

5. They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate on the national savings and investment rates.