[下载][推荐]12月25日阅读机经汇总

里面包含今天16日的阅读机经，这个压缩版是我参照“老牛整理的12月阅读基金”的添加的，主要有添加些老机经和一些补充资料，还有GWD的原文～今天整理了一天，本人第一次做整理机经，比较笨，如果不好，请大家提出.。

这个版本因该是比较全的阅读机经，如果牛牛们发现有什么错误的地方要提出啦 啊。大家共同努力。

15日--22日 饔牛 不在，这段时间我们自己要努力整理了，我会每天整理机经，但是力量有限，我27日考试，现在还在忙毕业论文。所以希望有人帮忙一起整理，如果有人愿意，发短信给我好了，如果我整理有缺少的信息，请大家直接贴在后面，我会立即更新的。

在这里非常的谢谢饔牛的前面的整理，祝他考试顺利。

希望大家考试顺利.

注意： 这个版本是我直接把最新的机经直接更新在饔牛的原文件的，是添加在类似版本的后面，不是所有文件的后面。

新增：

25）公司总部与地缘关系：

股票价值和公司总部的地域关系
第一段：研究人员发现公司总部在一个地方的公司股票波动情况相似。他们解释说有可能是因为同一行业的公司都会把总部放在同一方。
第二段：但是新的研究表明，当一个公司从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，它的股票波动情况就变得不像原来地方的公司，而更像新地方的公司。
     

第三段：研究者解释说投资者，尤其是散户，都喜欢买总部在当地的股票，而机构投资者则不太受影响。
     

第四段：所以研究者认为，以前仅以行业来区分公司类别是不够的，公司总部所在地也会有影响。

有一个是关于工资的.说女生的工资比男生低,尽管他们的工作是一样的. 要解决这个问题只用Union**,接上来解释为什么这个U**能够帮忙解决问题,
      工会怎么对待解决工资平等呢个的问题说三点。 3个原因.其中第二个原因重点读。工会公司的manager更容易遵守比起nonunion的manager，选的是union 的manager比nonunion的manager更不容易反对置顶bureaucracy level of salary。

Question1：EXCEPT题，得从哪个一，二，三里面找
     

Question2：关于manager对于bureaucracy level of salary 问你这个level of salary，NONU** manager 对于的下面哪一个是正确的。选项A NONU* manager即使该公司有一个labor law, 他们都不倾向adhere to it.我选这个。因为文章里面有一个是说U** manager is more likely to adhere to the law.反之，这NON的不adhere.答案一看就是A了。     

备选选项： union 的manager比nonunion的manager更不容易反对置顶bureaucracy level of salary

（还需要添加些信息，这三个原因）希望NN补充

================================================

第一段：纳米技术的定义和应用。
     

第二段：纳米技术应用在Oil上是否harmful.然后后面有一个证明说他不harmful。这个实验主要用了一个soil sample (这里有题目，关于soil sample的)不过第二段的最后几行推翻了说纳米技术不harmful，
     原因是因为出现了某一种细菌，它可能可以把harmful的东西消灭了。
     

Question 1：问第一段的用途, ，如果现在写一篇红酒的文章，那么第一段的用途和一下哪个选项最像？选项有：1.第一章说定义，作用。2.第一章说与红酒相关的技术。我选1。

（希望牛牛们补充）

第一段：作者应该是反驳老观点，一，二，三。
       

第二段: 提了问题，然后开始论述。有个问结构的题目。JJ作者选的是写出观点，然后反驳，再提出alternative的观点。还有个题是问作者关于那时候的engineer的观点。以前是正评价，作者应该是说engineer没有以前的观点那么重要。

（希望牛牛们补充）

如果有漏掉的就请帖在楼下～～我会及时补充进去

• 主题：外部董事或內部董事對CEO任免的影響
      
      

• 第一段：board directors 的status對CEO的任免有很大的關係. 當公司表現不好underperformance時，外部董事outside boards很有可能force out the CEO，
      但內部董事inside directors通常不會這麼，因为their career ties to CEO。
      
      

• 第二段，在任命新的CEO的时候也有这种情况，因为无论是外部董事还是内部董事都不免要根据自己的利益来做决定。外部董事很在乎自己的名声，prestige（可能有题，要替换成reputation），
      
      

• 当CEO不适任的时候，shareholders通常希望换公司外部的人来当CEO，而外部董事基于代表全体shareholders和顾及他们的prestige，往往会选择外部的人来当CEO。但內部董事則往往會找原本內部的高階經理來當新CEO，為什麼呢? 因為用內部的人比較不會有整個公司大方向都改了的問題，公司的人事波動也不會那麼大，內部董事自己當然也比較好生存下去
      

版本二

董事和CEO

第一段：一间公司的董事会由公司外部人员outsider组成与由insider组成在做决策是是不同的。对于performance差的CEO，身为outsider的directors比身为insider的directors更倾向于force out这个CEO。因为这些不在公司里任职的directors们通常被认为是做决策的专家，CEO的performance 差会影响她们的reputation. 。。。。。
   
    

第二段：董事们的决定是跟他们perceived self-interests相关的. 还讲到股东的的观点什么的。(有题，说影响directors决定的因素，选perceived self-interests. 一个备选项是股东观点什么的，细看好像不对。) 还说outsider的directors们如果force out CEO之后，还是会外聘一个CEO，
  而不是从公司内部找。而insider身份的董事由于兼任公司的高级管理角色，不大会轻易force out一个CEO，因为their careers are tied to the CEO。就算炒掉一个CEO，他们也是会内部再找一个，因为同时担心外请的会令Sr. Managers不服。
   
    

16）博物馆文物，信息还不多
    

第一段：博物馆的人怀疑一个叫Kursos (大概这样写)的艺术品（其实是一个statue, marble figure, 就是大理石雕像）
  不是真品，于是请geochemical 的人来鉴定。Geochemists先identify从哪来的，什么quarry。但是不能确定，只能初步认为是怎样，但是还是不能确定具体可以追溯到什么年代。
   

第二段：Geochemists initially 怎么怎么做，好像记得是研究statue表面的那层物质，crust, 以此来鉴别。然后说表面生成的那些物质什么什么不能判断。
   

第三段：Then, geochemist开始辨别crust里的carbon-18 dioxide-12和什么什么的carbon-14对比。发现ratio什么的不一样。
  然后就说不能判断具体什么时候的, 就是说不能判断exact age 。。。。However, 可以知道是属于less 什么年代到什么年代，（有题，作用，选能够知道max age和 min age）. 最后结论是这个Marble statue是珍品。有一题问文章的结构(organization),明显选：第一段先提出hypothesis，第二三断逐步验证,选项有steps这个词。第二三段的开头明显有Initially怎么做，then怎么做。
   

 版本2：
     

boater

第一段讲某地(一个湖吧)N年前供游客租用的船较少, 近年增加了很多, 而且同时私人购船也增多了, 因为有减税政策. 所以一般预期来这里的游客会觉得地方变拥挤了.　但事实相反,　去那里的游客不觉得the place becoming crowded. 于是作者推测,　大约是由于changes in norms, preference of the visitors.

第二段描述这样的change. 说船变多了,很多人以前没来过,现在想来了 (即菜鸟). 菜鸟们考虑的都是安全阿,谨慎之类的. 有时候乐意去人多的地方,以便出了事好求救.

有一道题问第二段的作用. 我选的是elaborated the explaination provided in previous pagragraph

请机经作者回忆下题目～～如果有遗漏请大家指出

新增：

一类：3）法国妇女地位：版本一

7 男女工资研究（希望大家在补充选项细节）多增2个版本
   

二类
  ：太空和宇宙，有的说是彗星，有的说是木星，还有的说supernova

三类：关于广告和背景音乐的关系:

五类：28）诗歌的演变
   

六类：19）说了市场沟通的能力，market communication

20）零售制造商想online marketing.。2个版本

28）marketing survey (focus group)
29）stakeholder(利益相关者)和shareholder关系   

直接更新至文件中，文件分六类，大家按这个去找更新的。

二类：年轻的pulsar 和老的pulsar

        物种的濒临灭绝

     一种化学物质

五：JAM

四：社会变化

这篇文章希望大家提供下选项和回忆下题目
                

讲了一种化学物质
                

第一段：有某种物质B-A，是在用塑料瓶喝水时能渗出的一种物质，刚开始科学家认为它会造成miss carriage等，因为在用小白鼠试验，刚开始给它用那种塑料瓶子喝水，它就怎么怎么的了，然后不给它用那个喝，它就没事了，然后说发现B-A能影响3代，好像意思就是它能影响egg,然后也能影响由这个egg出生的孩子的egg, 似乎是这样的……

第二段：由此，科学家建议不要用塑料瓶子喝水（此句话有题，问这句话的作用），之后又做研究，说发现高剂量的B-A并不能导致以上那些症状，并且小白鼠和人类体内某种化学反应的速度也是不一样的，然后说B-A摄入不同的dose对人影响是不同的。

这篇一共就三道题，并不是很难，是第一篇出现的阅读。
            

 动物的活动地域和种类
            

好像是说动物的活动地域和种类的,N年前发现了一种动物的变种的化石，但是原有类似的物种并未消失，时代有重叠什么的。科学家继续研究，发现不是变种，是另一种新物种，好像是什么大陆板块漂移带了来的。感觉好像做过一道类似的逻辑，现在变成阅读了。。。挺长的，要拉两下，三题~~~题目有一道问主题，我选得好像是解释一种新发现，还有个问第二段作用，我选的否定了上一段的假设。

managerial working 四段
    

  讲现在managerial working变化很多。现在的hierarchy已经不是那么重要了，manager的power也不如原来了。公司常常make strategic alliances
   （有题，好像是这个联盟导致了什么）with customers and suppliers，因此，会影响到公司的policy making。
    

  然后说现在的managerial working 更depend on network。经理的hierarchy已经没有什么用了，原来部门公司之间的information 是局限的，而现在的交流也多了（有题）。
    

增加～JJ640

RC:
     

有些经济学家提出增加储蓄利率对经济有好处，因为利率增加了，人们就会更偏向于存钱进银行，这样银行就有更多的钱可以借给企业，借款利率就会下降，这样企业就会借钱去扩大规模或者借钱投资。但是作者说，人们把更多的钱存进银行，那就意味着花的钱就少了，这样企业就会担心自己的产品的销售会下降，这样他们就不会仅因为借款利率下降而去借钱，相反他们会考虑其他多方面的社会因素来决定是否扩大投资。中间还说道，如果企业产品卖不出去，就会裁员或者降低工资等等。所有这些最终都会使利率回复到原有的水平（或者是消费者所花的钱会回到原来的水平，记不清楚了）。作者认为通过升高存款利率的方法来保持经济稳定发展是行不通的。
            

另一篇是说动物适应环境，具体说的是蛇，说有A蛇，B蛇，C蛇，他们生活在不同的环境中，B好像是SEA SNAKE，三种蛇的心脏长的位置不一样，这样他们的血液流到大脑，以及从尾巴循环回心脏的能力就不一样，另外还讲了B蛇，在水中可以靠水压平衡，使血液容易回到心脏，但是把它拿到陆地上来以后，发现它变迟缓了之类的。我在PREP找到这篇文章还没有JJ作者确认～如果是我就上传
            

还有一篇是说行星的，有些DD是不能radiation的，但是他们会吸收掉边上的一个DD，然后让自己的转速变快，并且最终可以再次成为planet，etc....

这篇是考上的原文，请大家仔细看，新题 

这篇是考上的原文，请大家仔细看，新题 

这篇是考上的原文，请大家仔细看，新题 

The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their supportive medium.  Because the vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same regardless of their orientation in space, provided they remain in the ocean. When removed from the water and tilted at various angles with the head up, however, blood pressure at their midpoint drops significantly, and at brain level falls to zero.  That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those orientations.

One such adaptation is the closer proximity of the terrestrial snake's heart to its head, which helps to ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the snake's orientation in space.  The heart of sea snakes can be located near the middle of the body, a position that minimizes the work entailed in circulating blood to both extremities.  In arboreal snakes, however, which dwell in trees and often assume a vertical posture, the average distance from the heart to the head can be as little as 15 percent of overall body length.  Such a location requires that blood circulated to the tail of the snake travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved by another adaptation.  When climbing, arboreal snakes often pause momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower torso to head.  By compressing the veins and forcing blood forward, these contractions apparently improve the flow of venous blood returning to the heart.

Question #25.  147-01  (22404-!-item-!-188;#058&000147-01)

The passage provides information in support of which of the following assertions?

(A) The disadvantages of an adaptation to a particular feature of an environment often outweigh the advantages of such an adaptation.

(B) An organism's reaction to being placed in an environment to which it is not well adapted can sometimes illustrate the problems that have been solved by the adaptations of organisms indigenous to that environment.

(C) The effectiveness of an organism's adaptation to a particular feature of its environment can only be evaluated by examining the effectiveness with which organisms of other species have adapted to a similar feature of a different environment.

(D) Organisms of the same species that inhabit strikingly different environments will often adapt in remarkably similar ways to the few features of those environments that are common.

(E) Different species of organisms living in the same environment will seldom adapt to features of that environment in the same way.

Question #26.  147-02  (22450-!-item-!-188;#058&000147-02)

According to the passage, one reason that the distribution of blood in the sea snake changes little while the creature remains in the ocean is that

(A) the heart of the sea snake tends to be located near the center of its body

(B) pressure gradients in the water surrounding the sea snake counter the effects of vertical pressure gradients within its blood vessels

(C) the sea snake assumes a vertical posture less frequently than do the terrestrial and the arboreal snake

(D) the sea snake often relies on waves of muscle contractions to help move blood from the torso to the head

(E) the force of pressure gradients in the water surrounding the sea snake exceeds that of vertical pressure gradients within its circulatory system

Question #27.  147-07  (22496-!-item-!-188;#058&000147-07)

The author suggests that which of the following is a disadvantage that results from the location of a snake's heart in close proximity to its head?

(A) A decrease in the efficiency with which the snake regulates the flow of blood to the brain

(B) A decrease in the number of orientations in space that a snake can assume without loss of blood flow to the brain

(C) A decrease in blood pressure at the snake's midpoint when it is tilted at various angles with its head up

(D) An increase in the tendency of blood to pool at the snake's head when the snake is tilted at various angles with its head down

(E) An increase in the amount of effort required to distribute blood to and from the snake's tail

Question #28.  147-09  (22542-!-item-!-188;#058&000147-09)

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which of the following?

(A) Explaining adaptations that enable the terrestrial snake to cope with the effects of gravitational pressure on its circulatory system

(B) Comparing the circulatory system of the sea snake with that of the terrestrial snake

(C) Explaining why the circulatory system of the terrestrial snake is different from that of the sea snake

(D) Pointing out features of the terrestrial snake's cardiovascular system that make it superior to that of the sea snake

(E) Explaining how the sea snake is able to neutralize the effects of gravitational pressure on its circulatory system

这个是原文，大家仔细看

法国女裁缝那道题和一下英文觉得像么？谢谢！！！

In particular, the late-seventeenth-century introduction of a new style of dress called the manteau or mantua, and its increasing popularity, offered female seamstresses a "wedge " to loosen the tailors' monopoly over the production of more formal, elite, and expensive women's fashions. This new product and more generally the exploding market for clothing, in particular women's clothing, provided seamstresses with the income and market niche from which to expand their numbers and to organize politically within the previously male-dominated trade. Furthermore, they could generally rely on the French state, with its agenda of economic development, to aid in this expansion and organization.

In contrast with much of the prevailing historiography, Crowston demonstrates that when it was in the interest of the French state, authorities were happy to work with and encourage women workers as autonomous
            producers and not merely as family appendages to guild patriarchs. Crowston thus reinforces Hesse's claim that market expansion brought new opportunities for some women, but she locates these expanding opportunities in the political economy of the late Ancient Regime, rather than in the Revolution's overthrow of it.

In Crowston's history, the seamstresses of Ancien Regime France emerge as relatively powerful and autonomous figures whose work, civic, and gender identities drew upon many sources, but were institutionalized in important ways because of the existence and practices of their guild. The destruction of the guild system during the Revolution thus represents a critical moment in the history of women's work and gender relations—from the perspective of women working in the garment trades, the "freeing" of the market from political constraints brought a largely negative transformation. A closer look at each of these works helps to reveal the origins of the tensions between these two interpretations.

维他命D的文章，相似大，大家仔细看

For years doctors believed that vitamin D, sometimes called the “sunshine vitamin” because sunlight triggers the body to produce it, was important primarily in preventing rickets (a softening of the bones) in children. Once milk became fortified with vitamin D, rickets pretty much disappeared, and the problem of vitamin D deficiency seemed to have been solved. But according to Michael F. Holick, director of the Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory at Boston University Medical Center, who has spent 30 years studying the vitamin, “rickets can be considered the tip of the vitamin D–deficiency iceberg.”

Today a lack of the vitamin has been linked to a host of other maladies, including cancers of the colon, prostate, and breast; tuberculosis; schizophrenia; multiple sclerosis; hip fractures; and chronic pain. How can one vitamin play a role in so many diverse illnesses? The answer seems to lie in the fact that most tissues and cells in the human body (and not just those in the intestine and bone that help fix calcium) have receptors for vitamin D, suggesting that the vitamin is needed for overall optimal health. In addition, some cells carry enzymes for converting the circulating form of vitamin D to the active form, making it available in high concentrations to the tissues locally.

A recent laboratory experiment at Boston University revealed that by activating the circulating form of the vitamin, prostate cells could regulate their own growth and possibly prevent the rise of cancer. Directly or indirectly, Holick points out, “the active form of vitamin D controls up to 200 different genes,” including ones responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation, and death.

Theories about vitamin D’s cancer-prevention qualities have begun to be validated. In June, Joan M. Lappe, professor of nursing and medicine at Creighton University School of Medicine in Omaha, and her colleagues published the results of a 4-year, double-blind, randomized trial in which nearly 1,200 healthy postmenopausal women took calcium alone, calcium with 1,100 international units (IU) of vitamin D a day, or a placebo.
    The women who took calcium with vitamin D had a 60 percent lower risk of developing cancers of any type than the placebo group; the calcium-only group’s risk didn’t significantly change.
                    

Currently, the median vitamin D intake of adult Americans is only about 230 IU a day; Lappe was prompted by the study’s findings to recommend the dose be increased to 1,500 to 2,000 IU. “It’s low risk, with maybe a high payoff,” she told a Canadian newspaper in June. Vitamin D comes from three sources: the sun’s ultraviolet (UVB) rays penetrating the skin, a few D-rich foods like fatty fish and some fortified foods, and supplements. The Canadian Paediatric Society has already recommended that pregnant or breast-feeding women get 2,000 IU of vitamin D daily.

Some clinicians have suggested that increased vitamin D intake might help ward off multiple sclerosis (MS), believed to be a progressive autoimmune disease. Last December, a team of researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health and other institutions published results from the first large-scale prospective study of the relationship between vitamin D levels and MS. After analyzing stored blood samples taken from 7 million military personnel and identifying those individuals who developed MS during a 12-year period, the team determined that the risk of getting MS was 62 percent lower for those whose blood concentration of vitamin D put them in the top quintile than for those in the bottom quintile. The study did not make clear, however, whether low vitamin D levels were a cause of MS or a marker of MS risk.

Vitamin D status may also affect vulnerability to infections. For example, African Americans need more sun exposure than Caucasians to make sufficient vitamin D; they also suffer from increased risk of tuberculosis結核病. In a breakthrough study published in March, scientists from several institutions, including UCLA, discovered a possible link. On encountering the TB bacillus, receptors on immune-system scavenger cells known as macrophages stimulate the conversion of circulating vitamin D to its active form, which produces a peptide that destroys the bacillus. If circulating levels of D are low, macrophages can’t activate the vitamin D to initiate this response. A similar scenario could be operating with other infectious agents, maybe even the influenza virus.

太感谢了，整理的真好，建议置顶哦