[原创]兰花历史资料求NN鉴定是否为原文！（含另两篇背景资料）

对于JJ描述不详细的几篇文章我GOOGLE了下背景资料，有skimming price, orchid和omega-3的这几篇，惊喜的发现兰花的这篇和JJ描述非常像，还请考过的大侠们鉴定一下是否为原文！希望以后的JJ作者尽量能多写一些关键词，地名人名之类，这样很容易搜到类似的文章的。

Ancient orchid pollen found attached to a bee trapped in amber suggests the "supermodels of the plant world" were blooming at the time of the dinosaurs.
      

The discovery indicates that orchids arose between 76 and 84 million years ago, making them far older than experts had previously thought.

Experts used the fossil pollen grains to estimate the ages of major branches of orchids living today.

Details of the research by a team in the US are published in Nature journal.

Despite being the most diverse plant group on Earth, orchids are rare finds in the fossil record.

The authors of the Nature paper describe a mass of orchid pollen found stuck to the body of an extinct bee that lived 15-20 million years ago.

The remains of the bee were trapped and preserved in amber from the Dominican Republic.

Common ancestor
      

Dating the fossil allowed lead researcher Santiago Ramirez to calibrate a "molecular clock" which uses mutations, or changes, in the plants' DNA to estimate the time of divergence between living organisms.

By building a "family tree" of orchids, the scientists could move back in time to see when the species first appeared, as well as where and how it spread.

They found that the most recent common ancestor of all modern-day orchids lived in the twilight of the dinosaurs, during the Late Cretaceous period.

"It is the first identifiable fossil orchid ever found," Mr Ramirez said.

"And it is the first case in which an insect-orchid interaction has been observed in the fossil record."

The new orchid species, identified from the morphology of the pollen, has been dubbed Meliorchis caribea.

The age of the first orchids has proven a controversial topic. Previous estimates have ranged from 26 to 110 million years ago.

The Orchidaceae family is the largest in the plant kingdom, numbering at least 25,000 species.

By building a "family tree" of orchids, the scientists could move back in time to see when the species first appeared, as well as where and how it spread.

They found that the most recent common ancestor of all modern-day orchids lived in the twilight of the dinosaurs, during the Late Cretaceous period.

"It is the first identifiable fossil orchid ever found," Mr Ramirez said.

"And it is the first case in which an insect-orchid interaction has been observed in the fossil record."

The new orchid species, identified from the morphology of the pollen, has been dubbed Meliorchis caribea.

The age of the first orchids has proven a controversial topic. Previous estimates have ranged from 26 to 110 million years ago.

The Orchidaceae family is the largest in the plant kingdom, numbering at least 25,000 species.

By building a "family tree" of orchids, the scientists could move back in time to see when the species first appeared, as well as where and how it spread.

They found that the most recent common ancestor of all modern-day orchids lived in the twilight of the dinosaurs, during the Late Cretaceous period.

"It is the first identifiable fossil orchid ever found," Mr Ramirez said.

"And it is the first case in which an insect-orchid interaction has been observed in the fossil record."

The new orchid species, identified from the morphology of the pollen, has been dubbed Meliorchis caribea.

The age of the first orchids has proven a controversial topic. Previous estimates have ranged from 26 to 110 million years ago.

The Orchidaceae family is the largest in the plant kingdom, numbering at least 25,000 species.

Skimming Price往年机经参考：

[版本一]

第一段说现在越来越多的新商品是使用可变价格的定价策略,而不是像以前一样是stable prize. 可变价格策略分为两种,第一种是新产品刚面市时能定多高定多高,先赚一笔再降价.第二种是直接把价格定得低,通过长期的薄利多销把钱赚回来

第二段分析现在的市场适合用第一种定价策略.因为大部分产品都没什么前景可言.而且短时间内得到大笔收入可以补偿研发的成本

[版本二]

第一段: describe two pricing strategy: skimming and penetration

第二段: recommend the skimming strategy

        skimming and penetration

第一段就是介绍撇脂定价法与渗透定价。前者是定高价，实现最大利润为目标，后者是定低价，实现最大销量为目标。第二段,作者推荐skimming这个定价法,因为penetration这个定价法所追求的长期目标,即increase market share and sales volume,是无法实现的

[版本三]

说是与传统销售不同的两种销售tactic。1)Skimming sales ；2)penetrating sales. Skimming是短期用来尽量卖高价，然后随着市场的变动再降价。因为好像主要是利润不大确定，为了短期内收回成本，所以开始定高价；penetrating是为了占据市场，而是价格不定那么高然后说两者的应用

第三段：随着现在销售模式的变化（有题），更多的人采用skimming

其中有第一题和第三题（题号熟悉有些不确定）应该都是定位第三段，第三题应该是一道关于"inferior product" inference，偶是对对第三段的superior product取非

pricing strategies - skimming

定义： The practice of ‘price skimming’ involves charging a relatively high price for a short time where a new, innovative, or much-improved product is launched onto a market.

Price Skimming: Price skimming is a pricing strategy in which a marketer sets a relatively high price for a product or service at first, then lowers the price over time. It is a temporal version of price discrimination/yield management. It allows the firm to recover its sunk costs quickly before competition steps in and lowers the market price.

The objective with skimming is to “skim” off customers who are willing to pay more to have the product sooner; prices are lowered later when demand from the “early adopters” falls.

Price skimming is sometimes referred to as riding down the demand curve. The objective of a price skimming strategy is to capture the consumer surplus. If this is done successfully, then theoretically no customer will pay less for the product than the maximum they are willing to pay. In practice it is impossible for a firm to capture all of this surplus.

成功因素： The success of a price-skimming strategy is largely dependent on the inelasticity （无弹性）of demand for the product either by the market as a whole, or by certain market segments.

High prices can be enjoyed in the short term where demand is relatively inelastic. In the short term the supplier benefits from ‘monopoly profits’, but as profitability increases, competing suppliers are likely to be attracted to the market (depending on the barriers to entry in the market) and the price will fall as competition increases.

The main objective of employing a price-skimming strategy is, therefore, to benefit from high short-term profits (due to the newness of the product) and from effective market segmentation.

There are several advantages of price skimming

• Where a highly innovative product is launched, research and development costs are likely to be high, as are the costs of introducing the product to the market via promotion, advertising etc. In such cases, the practice of price-skimming allows for some return on the set-up costs

• By charging high prices initially, a company can build a high-quality image for its product. Charging initial high prices allows the firm the luxury of reducing them when the threat of competition arrives. By contrast, a lower initial price would be difficult to increase without risking the loss of sales volume

• Skimming can be an effective strategy in segmenting the market. A firm can divide the market into a number of segments and reduce the price at different stages in each, thus acquiring maximum profit from each segment

• Where a product is distributed via dealers, the practice of price-skimming is very popular, since high prices for the supplier are translated into high mark-ups for the dealer

• For ‘conspicuous’ or ‘prestige goods’, the practice of price skimming can be particularly successful, since the buyer tends to be more ‘prestige’ conscious than price conscious. Similarly, where the quality differences between competing brands is perceived to be large, or for offerings where such differences are not easily judged, the skimming strategy can work well. An example of the latter would be for the manufacturers of ‘designer-label’ clothing.

Limitations of Price Skimming

There are several potential problems with this strategy.

It is effective only when the firm is facing an inelastic demand curve. If the long run demand schedule is elastic (as in the diagram to the left), market equilibrium will be achieved by quantity changes rather than price changes. Penetration pricing is a more suitable strategy in this case. Price changes by any one firm will be matched by other firms resulting in a rapid growth in industry volume. Dominant market share will typically be obtained by a low cost producer that pursues a penetration strategy.

Skimming results in a slow rate of stuff diffusion and adaptation. This results in a high level of untapped（未使用的） demand. This gives competitors time to either imitate the product or leap frog it with a new innovation. If competitors do this, the window of opportunity will have been lost.

The manufacturer could develop negative publicity if they lower the price too fast and without significant product changes. Some early purchasers will feel they have been ripped-off. They will feel it would have been better to wait and purchase the product at a much lower price. This negative sentiment will be transferred to the brand and the company as a whole.

High margins may make the firm inefficient. There will be no incentive to keep costs under control. Inefficient practices will become established making it difficult to compete on value or price.
            

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Joint Health

An inflammatory disease

Rheumatic arthritis is a chronic disease of the synovial tissue in the joints, leading to inflammation and eventually to permanent deformation. The synovia normally produces joint fluid, which acts as a lubricant, also providing the cartilage with important nutrients. In rheumatoid arthritis, the synovia are invaded by activated white blood cells, releasing certain chemical substances into the fluid and leading to the degeneration of cartilage and subsequent inflammation of the surrounding tissue. The symptoms are pain, stiffness, reduction of joint and muscle strength and, ultimately, joint deformation.
            

Today's treatment of rheumatic disease is directed toward suppressing symptoms and preventing joint deformation. Medical treatment is characterized by an aggressive approach, combining non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with cytostatics or other immune-suppressants. The goal of this aggressive treatment is to improve the patient's long-term outcome with respect to symptoms and function. However, the challenge is to prevent adverse effects while monitoring liver and bone marrow function.

Omega-3s have beneficial effects
Omega-3 fatty acids not only reduce symptoms and may potentially facilitate lower doses of NSAIDs, they also appear to preserve joint function, meaning they act as drug-disease-modifiers. To take optimal advantage of the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids, individuals must take large doses, larger quantities than what is possible to get through diet alone. This requires dietary supplements of concentrated omega-3 fatty acids, 5-6 grams per day.

Curb dietary omega-6s
Diet can interfere with the clinical course of a disease since fatty acids help fine-tune the human immune system. omega-3 fatty acids reduce immunological effects while omega-6 fatty acids have the opposite effect. Besides eating a diet rich in fish containing omega-3 fatty acids and/or taking dietary supplements, individuals with rheumatism should eat a diet low in red meat and avoid using vegetable oils rich in omega-6 fatty acids, such as soy, corn and sunflower oil. Use olive oil and rapeseed oil instead because they contain more Omega-9 fatty acids, which do not increase immune functions.

Clinical studies have demonstrated the effects
Several controlled clinical studies have shown significant symptom relief from taking high doses of omega-3 fatty acids for a period of at least 2 to 3 months. Furthermore, intake of omega-3 fatty acids reduced the need for NSAIDs, which is important to prevent adverse effects from the gastro-intestinal tract. A summary of the most important studies has been published in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. (1)

One interesting and very important observation was made by a Danish doctor working on the Faeroe Islands and in Greenland. Upon X-raying patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Personal communication), he found their joints to be normal or almost normal even when they had had the disease for 10 years or more. This result would have been very different in a Danish population where joint deformation increases in direct proportion to time.

Low occurrence in Japan
Rheumatic arthritis is an auto-immune disease, affecting about 1% of the population in western countries. The mechanism underlying the development of auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis is not completely understood. Most certainly, it involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but psychological factors may also be involved. The coastal population of Japan has a high incidence of a genetic configuration, which is often accompanied by rheumatic diseases (so-called HLA-D4). However, rheumatoid arthritis rarely occurs in Japan, probably due to the high intake of fish and thereby omega-3 fatty acids in the Japanese diet.

Omega-3's and omega-6's belong to a family of fats known as essential fatty acids. The right balance of these two types of fatty acids is important for the healthy functioning of many parts of the body, including brain development. Unfortunately, because the human body cannot manufacture these essential fatty acids, they must be provided through diet. These omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are found in fish, and seafood, some nuts and seeds and green leafy vegetables.

In a well-balanced diet, both omega-3's and omega-6's should be present.  In modern diets, however, saturated fats and vegetable oils – all loaded with omega-6's – have become predominant. At the same time, the intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish have declined while modern farming and commercial food production have further stripped foods of omega-3 content in an effort to prolong shelf life. The ideal omega-6 to omega-3 relationship is quoted at 4 to 1, but in persons who do not eat fish twice a week, experts believe that ratio is closer to 20 to 1, and is responsible for many of the health problems that plague us.

兰花的那篇的第一段很像，但还是经过挺多改写。就是下面这段，我贴出来了：

"Ancient orchid pollen found attached to a bee trapped in amber suggests the "supermodels of the plant world" were blooming at the time of the dinosaurs.
The discovery indicates that orchids arose between 76 and 84 million years ago, making them far older than experts had previously thought.
Experts used the fossil pollen grains to estimate the ages of major branches of orchids living today.
Details of the research by a team in the US are published in Nature journal.
Despite being the most diverse plant group on Earth, orchids are rare finds in the fossil record.
The authors of the Nature paper describe a mass of orchid pollen found stuck to the body of an extinct bee that lived 15-20 million years ago.
The remains of the bee were trapped and preserved in amber from the Dominican Republic. "

加粗的部分是一道细节题的出题点。

谢谢LS~

頂一下