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Grey Market:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_market version1: 有一篇關於grey market的,開頭是將利用這個GM,retailer 跟manufacturers有諸多擔心,第二段開始將講的是研究辨明retail sellers 可以利用這個市場,但要符合2個條件,好像是要這個市場裡面既有對price很sensitive的,又有很多對price不sensitive的。這樣的話,retailers可以把一些東西在low price的GM賣掉,然後用這個錢去給那些對價格不sensitive的人們提供更好的服務 version2: 第一篇講傳統觀點認為grey market的存在不利於企業和正規零售商增加利潤,新理論認為grey market可以吸引在意價格的顧客,使正規企業和零售商的顧客大多數成為不關注價格只關注品質的人,這樣企業和零售商就可以節省與顧客討價還價的精力與時間,提高商品品質,提高利潤。 version3:20080408大口呼吸 GREY MARKET,短。 P1: 先說什麼是Grey market,然後通常認為Manufacturing生產型企業and authorized retailers授權經銷商覺得grey market will make them profit margin down ,因為grey market會讓他們的image不好。從而影響Business。 P2: 新的研究study 表明,在某些情況下under some CERTAIN conditions GRAY MARKET是可以BENEFIT RETAILER的grey marketing反而使manufacturers獲利率上升。所謂某些情況是針對兩種情況下的customers:一是"very price sensitive"價格十分敏感的客戶,另外是 "very selective but price incensitive"不關注價格只挑剔產品的客戶. 由於gray market能夠absorb price sensitive的customers,這樣retailers就不需非要用折扣來吸引生意了,因為那些人已經因為grey market被吸引了。這樣retailer就能集中精力對付第二類的customers,他們可以通過提高服務品質產品品質等手段來吸引第二類客戶。 P3:舉例子證明第二段。 問題有: 1.全文主旨 2.grey market中的retailer應該採用一下何種方法來吸引客戶? 3.問哪個可以削弱第二段觀點。 version4:20080410 grey market JJ就像完美的中文翻譯 大家完全可以相信 第一題 application 假如不存在grey market 的話 啥玩意可以代替她的作用 我選的是一個chain 在其中有便宜貨也有貴的 其他的慢慢回憶 主旨:解釋在一定的市場環境下Manufacturing and authorized retailers可以通過Grey market獲利。 以下為老JJ~ Version1: 第一段, 簡介Grey market(降價促銷),Manufacturing and authorized retailers覺得會使他們的profit down。 第二段, 新的研究顯示,在某些情況下(customers either being "very price sensitive" or being "very selective but price incensitive")grey marketing反而使manufacturers獲利率上升。 第三段, 舉了個例子解釋retailer可以通過只關注對價格不敏感的客戶,提高他們的服務水準來達到利潤增加目的。使其變成忠實客戶; retailer獲利成長, manufacturers獲利率上升. The grey market will absorb the very price sensitives customers so that retailers don't have to offer large discount to attract bargainers. As a result of that, retailers can focus on competing for the 2nd type of customers who are willing to pay high prices but are very picky about quality and services and thus they achieve better profit margin. 這樣企業和零售商就可以節省與顧客討價還價的精力與時間,retailer就可以通過提高商品品質,提高價格來獲得更多的revenue. 舉了個例子告訴怎樣使profit 增加,high price and focus on the service, Version2: 講gray market的,主要說原來manufacturer和retailer都很害怕gray market, 因為他們sell products under priced,減少了profit margin,但是其實不是這樣的。因為有兩個原因,有一個是most customers are price-insensitive,還一個不記得了。。。所以gray market只能吸引到price sensitive的顧客,而retailer的優質服務可以吸引到price-insensitive的顧客。所以retailer就可以通過提高價格來獲得更多的revenue. 有個是邏輯的題目,問哪個可以削弱retailer revenue increase的結果。。 我選了個 (1)越來越多顧客都變的price sensitive, and the trend will continue的選項。 (2)authorized retailer will stage a price war, because of the appearance of gray market。。。,and then the profit margin 就會下降了, (3)講為了提高服務,或增加廣告投入因而增加了成本,導致PROFIT下降。 Version3: (1)主題: 選EXPLAIN那個, 解釋在一定的市場環境下Manufacturing and authorized retailers可以通過Grey market獲利 (2)第2.3段的關係: 第二段介紹gray market有利於Manufacturing and authorized retailers的condition,第三段解釋為什麼在這樣的條件下會有利。 (3)問作者認為在有gray market 的情況下,商家可能會做出那種行為 回第三段定位: 不用去迎合一些顧客otherwise they will cater for. 關注他們該關注的客戶群體,放棄Margin那部分客戶群體。 (4)授權的retailer運用何種策略吸引消費者? high price and focus on the service (5)邏輯的題目,問哪個可以削弱retailer revenue increase的結果 越來越多顧客都變的price sensitive, and the trend will continue的選項。同Version2的第(1)項! Version4: <1段>一般manufacturers認為grey marketing(retailers降價促銷)會使他們產品形像受損,獲利下降。 <2段>但新的研究顯示,在某些情況下(消費者價格敏感度差距大&部分消費者對價格不敏感)grey marketing反而使manufacturers獲利率上升。 <3段>解釋授權的retailer 可提供更高品質的服務來吸引對價格不敏感的消費者,使其變成忠實客戶,授權的retailer獲利成長,manufacturers獲利率上升 Q:問全文主旨? 第3段的結構作用? 授權的retailer運用何種策略吸引消費者? Version5: 第一段:簡介Grey market,Manufacturing and authorized retailers覺得會使他們的profit down。 第二段:其實gray market在某種市場環境下對Manufacturing and authorized retailers會產生的積極影響。介紹這種市場環境兩要素:1、價格敏感的客戶2、有價格不敏感的客戶。 第三段:舉了個例子告訴為什麼這種市場環境能使retailers 的profit 增加。他們可以通過只關注對價格不敏感的客戶,提高他們的服務水準來達到利潤增加目的。 問題: 1、主題:這裡大家考試的時候再好好看看選項,我記得E選項有點迷惑,我選了A,解釋在一定的市場環境下Manufacturing and authorized retailers可以通過Grey market獲利。 2、在Grey market中retailers可以怎樣?關注他們該關注的客戶群體,放棄Margin那部分客戶群體。 3、第二段/第三段在文中的作用:第二段介紹gray market有利於Manufacturing and authorized retailers的條件,第三段解釋為什麼在這樣的條件下會有利。 Version6: P1:以前manufacturers and retailers一直認為 gray marketing 這樣的做法會給profit 帶來不利的影響 P2:但是後來的研究表明,grey marketing 的作用與兩個因素有關:其中一個, 消費者是不是 price-incentive (就是價格變低一點點,可以激勵很多人的購買欲望), 另一個,記不太清了,也是和價格有關係的。那些authority manufacturers and retailers的客戶不太會受價格的影響,他們更看重service. P3:具體說了一下grey marketing ,對採取這種方式的 manufacturers and retailers 和authority manufacturers and retailers 都可以帶來更好的profit. (內容性主題,有兩個混淆性強的選項,可以用這裡的描述排除一個) Version7: 還有一個講greymarket 的,有一道題大家注意:問如果沒有greymarket,想要達到有greymarket的效果,經銷商該怎麼辦?---回答:開不同定價的店。因為GM 就是一種價格歧視,學過經濟學的人都知道利用價格歧視就是不同的定價以獲取超額利潤。 Version8: Saying that Manufacturer and retailers are normally afraid of grey market because grey market sells products at cut prices and that would hamper their businesses. But a study found that under some CERTAIN conditions, grey market would benefit manufacturer and retailers. Such condition is when most customers in the market are of either one of the two types: either being "very price sensitive" or being "very selective but price incensitive". The grey market will absorb the very price sensitives customers so that retailers don't have to offer large discount off their normal prices to attract bargainers, who have already been absorbed to the grey market. As a result of that, retailers can focus on competing for the 2nd type of customers who are willing to pay high prices but are very picky about quality and services and thus they achieve better profit margin. 題目有... 1. What best describes the functions of the 2nd and 3rd paragraph answer should be something the 2nd paragraph gives a condition in which grey market can benifit retailers and the 3rd paragraph explains why it's benefitial第二段介紹gray market有利於Manufacturing and authorized retailers的條件,第三段解釋為什麼在這樣的條件下會有利。 2. Oops... 以下為參考資料~ The grey market is the trade of something legal through unofficial, unauthorized, unintended distribution channels. In contrast, black market refers to illicit goods and services. The two main types of grey market are imported manufactured goods that would be normally unavailable or more expensive in a certain country and unissued securities that aren't yet traded in official markets. Grey market goods are not generally illegal. Instead, they are being sold outside of normal distribution channels by companies which may have no relationship with the producer of the goods. Frequently this form of parallel import occurs when the price of an item is significantly higher in one country than another. This situation commonly occurs with cigarettes and electronic equipment such as cameras. Entrepreneurs buy the product where it is available cheaply, often at retail but sometimes at wholesale, import it legally to the target market. They then sell it at a price high enough to provide a profit, but is lower the normal market price. 大意:灰市場不是非法的,他們外銷到非他們公司應有的銷路去,灰市場賣的東西會有利潤(廢話,不然幹嘛賣),但是比正常市場的價格低,這也是零售商跟製造商要擔心的原因。 平行輸入(Parallel import),是指真正商品(genuine products)未經輸入國智慧財產權人之同意進口販賣,一般稱平行輸入商品為「水貨」;在美國稱之為灰色市場(Gray market or import)),為什麼呢?因為所謂平行輸入,一定是真品平行輸入,只不過是未經輸入地區之專利、商標或著作權人所同意之輸入,非黑(非未經權利人同意所生產、製造之產品)非白(授權時有銷售區域之限制,可能會侵害進口權),故稱之為灰色市場。
Gavin不補充:這裡看完直接做答也不怕!!!
[此贴子已经被作者于2008-4-18 23:54:02编辑过] |