OG-31-195【求助】

用过了汇总，也试过了搜索，有讨论此题的：http://http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?BoardID=25&ID=65712。却总嫌解释不够，没有弄明白。故而发帖求解。

Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk (salesclerk: n.商店里的店员), domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work” in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect (in effect: in substance: VIRTUALLY “the T committee agreed to what was in effect a reduction in the hourly wage Current Biography”). Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.

To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature (by nature: adv.生来) skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”

More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female.” employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries（尽管美国在二战期间急切的需要充分动用其人力资源，但是即使最重要的军工行业都具有性别歧视的特点。by:而今迈步从头越). Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.

196. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?

(A) After a crisis many formerly “male” jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.

(B) Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers.

(C) Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.

(D) Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work.（C）

(E) The service sector of the economy has proved more nearly gender-blind in its hiring policies than has the manufacturing sector.

这题OG解释D说：Choice D is incorrect because the last paragraph of the passage indicates that war industries did hire women,although those women were subject to job segregation by sex.

题中D是reluctant to hire women而非did not hire。相反C中Post-Second World War hiring policies 意味着还有Former-Second World War hiring policies,甚至policies还是有区别的。 并且，题干中supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States和190题答案遥相呼应：perpetuated by those textile-mill owners....。应该说job segregation by sex characterized 是一直存在的。

第一段末：Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.

第三段首：More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry

都说明了这点。

故而在C/D答案上，关于时间方面，是D优于C，而除非reluctant表示的是完全否定的意思，则D应当比C更合适作答案。

不知我的理解是否正确。求解！谢谢！

job segregation by sex characterized 是一直存在的

但是sex segregation不是sex discrimination

sex segregation性别分离．是雇主认为某个行业适合女性，就雇用女性，even when higher profits beckoned即使有高额利润的引诱．雇主还是对把雇员换成另一性别不很有兴趣．employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception

雇主认为有些工作本来是适合男性做的，所以当战争结束时，这些工作又雇用男性．Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.

还有就是， most of the “male” jobs说的是雇主认为男性适合的工作，在这句没说雇主认为适合女性的工作是由谁做－

但是从文中看，还是有女性来做，战争时也是雇主认为某种工作适合女性，就雇用女性，这才是sex segregation．

不愿意雇用女性＝错

雇主认为某种工作适合男性而不愿雇佣女性来做同样的工作＝雇主认为某种工作适合女性而不愿雇佣男性来做同样的工作＝sex segregation＝对

够啰嗦的吧？

首先表示感谢。

不过您指出“不愿意雇用女性”，是指什么，指reluctant么？

According to LONGMAN,“reluctant ”means unwilling,and therefore perhaps slow to act.注意了，并非refuse、decline、cancel。仅仅是slow，并且还是perhaps。虽然有unwilling，但这是主观，而非客观行动。我的意思就是主观上军工企业虽然不情愿，可是还是雇用了女性。战后将某些本该“男性”职工掌握的工作，在二战中因为人力资源紧缺的情况下，由“女性”职工掌握的工作还给了男性职工。

文中强调“由性别区分工作”而非“工作中的性别歧视”正是因为这种“由性别区分工作”是一种根深蒂固的性别歧视，而往往容易被人忽视。所以本质上还是性别歧视。我们不能说“种族隔离”不是种族歧视！

题目中问The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States。并没有时间限制。根据作者的意图，这种性别歧视（或者说 sex segregation ）严重到从early textile-mill entrepreneurs就开始了。

CD在时间上存在态度方面的区别。

(D) Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for factory work不对

Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hire women for some factory work就对了．