171. A recent report determined that although only three percent of drivers on Maryland highways equipped their vehicles with radar detectors, thirty-three percent of all vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were equipped with them. Clearly, drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who do not. Aè “仅3%的车安装了雷达”和”33%的所有被罚款的车安装了雷达” è 不清楚33%的数据是否具有代表性è孤立数据 Bè “因此,安装雷达者比没有安装的更倾向于超速” è 普遍性结论,讨论的是频率 Cè “安装了雷达的车比没有安装的更经常超速”è弥补前提的数值与结论的频率间的GAP
这题用mindfree的gap法基本就可以解决了。我再引用OG的补充一点:结论的重点是regularly经常性超速,而题干的数据是孤立的数据。这题就是典型的由偶然孤立的数据---》有代表性的经常性数据。之间的GAP就是,偶然的数据有代表性。 |
[前提为A,结论为B,假定弥补Gap] The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following assumptions? (A) Drivers who equip their vehicles with radar detectors are less likely to be ticketed for exceeding the speed limit than are drivers who do not. (B) Drivers who are ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are more likely to exceed the speed limit regularly than are drivers who are not ticketed. (C) The number of vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit was greater than the number of vehicles that were equipped with radar detectors. (D) Many of the vehicles that were ticketed for exceeding the speed limit were ticketed more than once in the time period covered by the report. B (E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report.
171. The conclusion concerns regularly exceeding the speed limit, but the data derive from isolated occasions when drivers exceed the speed limit and are ticketed. The conclusion thus assumes that these instances provide evidence of regular behavior-that drivers ticketed for exceeding the speed limit are likely to be drivers who regularly exceed it. Choice B states this assumption and is the best answer.
Choices A, C, and D provide additional data that might be relevant to the conclusion, but if choice B is assumed, the additional data are unnecessary for drawing the conclusion. The difference that choice E describes between Maryland and other states would simply suggest that the report’s findings cannot be extrapolated to other states. It does not help in drawing the conclusion.
173. Researchers have found that when very overweight people, who tend to have relatively low metabolic rates, lose weight primarily through dieting, their metabolisms generally remain unchanged. They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. Such newly thin persons will, therefore, ultimately regain weight until their body size again matches their metabolic rate. Aè “研究发现偏重的人拥有偏低的代谢率,通过减食方式减肥,但是代谢会调整到燃烧更少脂肪” Bè “因此这些新近减肥的人最终会回复到之前的体重直到与其新的代谢率吻合” Cè “很少人能一直维持低卡路里的饮食” [前提为A,结论为B,假定弥补Gap]
The conclusion of the argument above depends on which of the following assumptions? (A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level. (B) The metabolisms of people who are usually not overweight are much more able to vary than the metabolisms of people who have been very overweight. (C) The amount of calories that a person usually burns in a day is determined more by the amount that is consumed that day than by the current weight of the individual. (D) Researchers have not yet determined whether the metabolic rates of formerly very overweight individuals can be accelerated by means of chemical agents. A (E) Because of the constancy of their metabolic rates, people who are at their usual weight normally have as much difficulty gaining weight as they do losing it.
173. If compared with people who have not been overweight, newly thin people burned fewer calories but also generally consumed fewer calories, one would not reliably conclude that the newly thin people would regain weight. Therefore, the conclusion assumes that the newly thin do not generally consume few calories, making choice A the best answer.
The conclusion does not rely on differences in the variability of the metabolism (choice B), just on differences in the rate of metabolism, nor does it rely on the relative significance of different factors in determining how many calories a person burns in a day (choice C). Neither does the conclusion assume anything about whether accelerators for the metabolism have been discovered (choice D), or about why some people have difficulty gaining weight (choice E).
195. A proposed change to federal income tax laws would eliminate deductions from taxable income for donations a taxpayer has made to charitable and educational institutions. If this change were adopted, wealthy individuals would no longer be permitted such deductions. Therefore, many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services, and some would have to close their doors. Aè “税收政策会取消对那些用于慈善用途的收入的减免,富人们将不再享有哪些减免” Bè “因此很多慈善和教育机构将倒闭” Cè “慈善和教育机构没有其它收入来源”或”富人们将因此而减少捐献” [前提为A,结论为B,假定弥补GAP]
The argument above assumes which of the following? (A) Without the incentives offered by federal income tax laws, at least some wealthy individuals would not donate as much money to charitable and educational institutions as they otherwise would have. (B) Money contributed by individuals who make their donations because of provisions in the federal tax laws provides the only source of funding for many charitable and educational institutions. (C) The primary reason for not adopting the proposed change in the federal income tax laws cited above is to protect wealthy individuals from having to pay higher taxes. (D) Wealthy individuals who donate money to charitable and educational institutions are the only individuals who donate money to such institutions. A (E) Income tax laws should be changed to make donations to charitable and educational institutions the only permissible deductions from taxable income.
195. The passage argues that charitable and educational institutions, part of whose income comes from donations, would be negatively affected if wealthy individuals could not count such donations as deductions from their income. The question asks you to identify an assumption of the argument-that is, something that has to be true in order for the evidence presented to establish the conclusion.
Choice A is the best answer, since if this statement is false, all wealthy individuals would, even without the incentive provided by federal tax laws, donate as much money as they do now. In that case, the evidence used in the argument provides no support for the conclusion.
Choice B is not assumed: the argument need only assume that many institutions depend heavily, but not necessarily exclusively, on donations from such individuals. Choice C is incorrect given that the argument is concerned only with the consequences of the proposed change and makes no assumption about any reasons for making or not making the change. Choice D is not assumed: as far as the argument is concerned, there can be many other individuals who donate money to the institutions. Choice E is incorrect since the argument, being about the consequences of the particular proposed change, does not make any assumption about what alternative changes to the tax laws ought to be made.
202.Gortland has long been narrowly self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, as per capita income in Gortland has risen toward the world average, per capita consumption of meat has also risen toward the world average, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income continues to rise, whereas domestic grain production will not increase, Gortland will soon have to import either grain or meat or both. Aè “在肉食和谷物方面G一直自给自足,由于收入上涨,肉的消费量也上涨,而每磅肉需要几磅谷物饲养” Bè “因此G将不得不进口谷物/肉食或者两者都进口” Cè “G不会因为肉食消费上涨就减少谷物的消费量” [前提为A,结论为B,假定弥补GAP]
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? (A) The total acreage devoted to grain production in Gortland will not decrease substantially. (B) The population of Gortland has remained relatively constant during the country’s years of growing prosperity. (C) The per capita consumption of meat in Gortland is roughly the same across all income levels. (D) In Gortland, neither meat nor grain is subject to government price controls. E (E) People in Gortland who increase their consumption of meat will not radically decrea se their consumption of grain.
202. The argument in the passage concludes that, although Gortland currently produces enough grain and meat for its own needs, it will soon not do so. This conclusion is based on the continuing increase in per capita consumption of meat as per capita income increases, and the fact that several pounds of grain must be used to produce each pound of meat.
The question asks you to identify an assumption on which the argument depends. An assumption is something that must be true in order for the argument’s conclusion to be established by the evidence the argument gives.
Choice E is the best answer. If the people who increase their consumption of meat at the same time radically reduce their consumption of grain, the evidence given in the argument cannot establish its conclusion. So for the conclusion to be established this possibility must be ruled out, which is what this answer choice does. |