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1. Advertisement: At most jewelry stores, the personassessing the diamond is the person selling it soyou can see why an assessor might say that adiamond is of higher quality than it really is.But because all diamonds sold at Gem Worldare certified in writing, you’re assured of a fairprice when purchasing a diamond from GemWorld.
The reasoning in the advertisement would be moststrengthened if which one of the following were true?
(A) Many jewelry stores other than Gem World also
provide written certification of the quality of
their diamonds.
(B) The certifications of diamonds at Gem World
are written by people with years of
experience in appraising gems.
(C) The diamonds sold at Gem World are generally
of higher quality than those sold at other
jewelry stores.
(D) The diamond market is so volatile that prices of
the most expensive diamonds can change by
hundreds of dollars from one day to the next.
(E) The written certifications of diamonds at Gem
World are provided by an independent
company of gem specialists.
When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane. In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
Which of the following, if true, is further evidence that using the film will help the airline officials achieve their goal?
(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors.
(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than paint can.
(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special training.
(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases.
(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet, the film remains securely attached.
The Calex Telecommunications Company is planning to introduce cellular telephone service into isolated coastal areas of Caladia, a move which will require considerable investment. However, the only significant economic activity in these areas is small-scale coffee farming, and none of the coffee farmers make enough money to afford the monthly service fees that Calex would have to charge to make a profit. Nevertheless, Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for Calex's contention?
(A) Currently, Caladian coffee farmers are forced to sell their coffee to local buyers at whatever price those buyers choose to pay because the farmers are unable to remain in contact with outside buyers who generally offer higher prices.
(B) In the coastal areas of Caladia where Calex proposes to introduce cellular telephone service, there is currently no fixed-line telephone service because fixed-line companies do not believe that they could recoup their investment.
(C) A cellular telephone company can break even with a considerably smaller number of subscribers than a fixed-line company can, even in areas such as the Caladian coast, where there is no difficult terrain to drive up the costs of installing fixed lines.
(D) Calex bases its monthly fees for cellular telephone service in a given region partly on the cost of installing the necessary equipment to provide the service there.
(E) Calex has for years made a profit on cellular telephone service in Caladia's capital city, which is not far from the coastal region.
Calex contends that making the service available to these farmers will be profitable.
Film Director: It is true that certain characters and plot twists in my newly released film The Big Heist are strikingly similar to characters and plot twists in Thieves, a movie that came out last year. Based on these similarities, the film studio that produced Thieves is now accusing me of taking ideas from that film. The accusation is clearly without merit. All production work on The Big Heist was actually completed months before Thieves was released.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the director's rejection of the accusation?
(A) Before Thieves began production, its script had been circulating for several years among various film studios, including the studio that produced The Big Heist.
(B) The characters and plot twists that are most similar in the two films have close parallels in many earlier films of the same genre.
(C) The film studio that produced Thieves seldom produces films in this genre.
(D) The director of Thieves worked with the director of The Big Heist on several earlier projects.
(E) The time it took to produce The Big Heist was considerably shorter than the time it took to produce Thieves.
Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers' hypothesis?
(A) SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
(B) Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
(C) Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traces of the virus.
(D) In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
(E) In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.
In the past year Harborville has had an unusually high rate of new cases of a certain disease. An investigation revealed that over the past five years Harborville's public water supply has had a high level of pollutants. Medical researchers have hypothesized that Harborville's water is responsible for the high rate of new cases of the disease.
Each of the following, if true, provides additional support for the researchers' hypothesis EXCEPT:
(A) Most of the people afflicted with new cases of the disease had regularly drunk larger quantities of Harborville's water than had other Harborville residents.
(B) The same type of pollutants that were found in Harborville's water have independently been linked to occurrences in other towns of high rates of the disease.
(C) Some of the people with newly diagnosed cases of the disease began to develop the disease before Harborville's water became polluted.
(D) The rate of new cases of the disease among residents of Harborville who get their water from private sources is not unusually high.
(E) Towns with geographic and demographic characteristics similar to those of Harborville but without polluted water do not have as high a rate of the disease as does Harborville.
The first sentence contains a premise and conclusion that relies on the
assumption that financial motivation might cause a person to lie about the
quality of the item. According to the advertisement, at Gem World there is no
such worry because the diamonds are certified in writing. Think for a
moment—does that reasoning sound bulletproof? If you were standing there in
the store and you were told that Gem World has written certification, wouldn’t
you ask who does the certification? This is the essence of personalizing the
argument—place yourself inside the situation and think how you would react.
As soon as you do that in this question, the weakness in the argument becomes
apparent. Then, since this is a Strengthen question, you can look for an answer
choice that eliminates this weakness. Answer choice (E) addresses the hole in
the argument by indicating that the individuals who provide the written
certification are not the same people who are selling the diamonds at Gem
World.
There are other errors in the stimulus, such as assuming that a written
certification equals a fair price. The certification may have no impact on the
actual price of the diamond, or perhaps it could even be used to raise the price
unjustly. These problems are ignored by the answer choices, and the test makers
have that right.
Answer choice (A): The conclusion addresses the fair price of diamonds at
Gem World, not other stores. Hence, the fact that other stores have written
certification does not help the Gem World advertisement.
Answer choice (B): This is an answer many people keep as a Contender. The
answer is incorrect because it fails to address the point raised in the first
sentence, namely that the person assessing the diamond has a personal stake in
the outcome. This “accountability” issue is the central point of the argument,
and without knowing the source of the certifications, this answer does not
strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (C): The argument asserts that a fair price is assured when
purchasing a diamond at Gem World. No claim to comparative quality is made
in the advertisement, and thus this answer does not strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (D): If anything, this answer may hurt the argument since it
indicates that a fair price may not be obtainable at Gem World due to price
volatility. If prices change daily, then Gem World may be selling diamonds at a
price that does not reflect current market value. However, the answer choice
specifically mentions “the most expensive diamonds” and there is no guarantee
that Gem World carries diamonds in this price range. So, at best, the answer
choice has no effect on the argument and is therefore incorrect.
Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. As mentioned above, this answer
addresses the separation of the certification writer from the seller and thereby
strengthens the reasoning.
The first sentence contains a premise and conclusion that relies on the
assumption that financial motivation might cause a person to lie about the
quality of the item. According to the advertisement, at Gem World there is no
such worry because the diamonds are certified in writing. Think for a
moment—does that reasoning sound bulletproof? If you were standing there in
the store and you were told that Gem World has written certification, wouldn’t
you ask who does the certification? This is the essence of personalizing the
argument—place yourself inside the situation and think how you would react.
As soon as you do that in this question, the weakness in the argument becomes
apparent. Then, since this is a Strengthen question, you can look for an answer
choice that eliminates this weakness. Answer choice (E) addresses the hole in
the argument by indicating that the individuals who provide the written
certification are not the same people who are selling the diamonds at Gem
World.
There are other errors in the stimulus, such as assuming that a written
certification equals a fair price. The certification may have no impact on the
actual price of the diamond, or perhaps it could even be used to raise the price
unjustly. These problems are ignored by the answer choices, and the test makers
have that right.
Answer choice (A): The conclusion addresses the fair price of diamonds at
Gem World, not other stores. Hence, the fact that other stores have written
certification does not help the Gem World advertisement.
Answer choice (B): This is an answer many people keep as a Contender. The
answer is incorrect because it fails to address the point raised in the first
sentence, namely that the person assessing the diamond has a personal stake in
the outcome. This “accountability” issue is the central point of the argument,
and without knowing the source of the certifications, this answer does not
strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (C): The argument asserts that a fair price is assured when
purchasing a diamond at Gem World. No claim to comparative quality is made
in the advertisement, and thus this answer does not strengthen the argument.
Answer choice (D): If anything, this answer may hurt the argument since it
indicates that a fair price may not be obtainable at Gem World due to price
volatility. If prices change daily, then Gem World may be selling diamonds at a
price that does not reflect current market value. However, the answer choice
specifically mentions “the most expensive diamonds” and there is no guarantee
that Gem World carries diamonds in this price range. So, at best, the answer
choice has no effect on the argument and is therefore incorrect.
Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. As mentioned above, this answer
addresses the separation of the certification writer from the seller and thereby
strengthens the reasoning.
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发表于 2012-3-1 21:33:46
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isease A is thought to be caused by a virus, according to