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The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity— Line
the ability to recollect specific past events, (5) to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic (10) memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to (15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this infor- mation. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food (20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays (25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain (30) information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
Q9: It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that - the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
- the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
- Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
- Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
- Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories
答案B. 我选D. D的定位是: Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity - the ability 1) to recollect specific past events, 2) to travel back into the past in one’s own mind. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. - 然后 Clayton’s的birds证明了鸟也可以bound information, 即 (1) 不是a uniquely human capacity.
B - Clayton’s experiment不行, 不能说就不能用observable behavior来证明. | 
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发表于 2006-8-21 08:35:00
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