[讨论]gwd19-9.11

Q9 to Q11:

      Among the myths taken as

         fact by the environmental manag-

         ers of most corporations is the

Line  belief that environmental regula-

  (5)  tions affect all competitors in

a given industry uniformly.  In

reality, regulatory costs—and

therefore compliance—fall

unevenly, economically disad-

(10)  vantaging some companies and

benefiting others.  For example,

a plant situated near a number

of larger noncompliant competi-

tors is less likely to attract the

(15)  attention of local regulators than

is an isolated plant, and less

attention means lower costs.

Additionally, large plants can

spread compliance costs such

(20)  as waste treatment across a

         larger revenue base; on the other

         hand, some smaller plants may

not even be subject to certain

provisions such as permit or

(25)  reporting requirements by virtue

of their size.  Finally, older pro-

duction technologies often

continue to generate toxic wastes

that were not regulated when the

(30)  technology was first adopted.

New regulations have imposed

extensive compliance costs on

         companies still using older

industrial coal-fired burners that

(35) generate high sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide outputs, for

example, whereas new facilities

generally avoid processes that

        would create such waste pro-

(40) ducts. By realizing that they

have discretion and that not all

industries are affected equally

by environmental regulation,

environmental managers can

(45)  help their companies to achieve

a competitive edge by anticipat-

ing regulatory pressure and

exploring all possibilities for

addressing how changing regula-

(50)  tions will affect their companies

specifically.

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Q9:

Which of the following hypothetical examples would best illustrate the point the author makes in lines 40-51 (“By realizing … specifically.”)?

1. Believing its closest competitor is about to do the same, a plant reduces its output of a toxic chemical at great cost in order to comply with environmental regulations.


2. In the face of new environmental regulations, a plant maintains its production methods and passes the costs of compliance on to its customers.


3. A plant’s manager learns of a competitor’s methods of lowering environmental compliance costs but is reluctant to implement those methods.


4. Having learned of an upcoming environmental ban on a certain chemical, a company designs its new plant to employ processes that avoid use of that chemical.


5. A plant attempts to save money by refusing to comply with environmental laws.

Answer:

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Q11:

The passage suggests which of the following concerning the relationship between the location of a plant and the compliance costs it faces?

A.       A plant is less likely to face high compliance costs if it is located near larger plants that are in violation of environmental regulations.

B.       An isolated plant is less likely to draw the attention of environmental regulators, resulting in lower compliance costs.

C.       A large plant that is located near other large facilities will most probably be forced to pay high compliance costs.

D.       A small plant that is located near a number of larger plants will be forced to absorb some of its neighbors’ compliance costs.

E.        A plant will often escape high compliance costs if it is located far away from environmental regulatory agencies.

Answer:

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请教9和11。9参考答案为D， 11参考答案为A

11. In lines 9-16, the author pionts out that " A plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant conpetitors is less likely to attract the attention of local ragulators than is an isloated plant".So  A is right.

11 题 的答案在画线处 A

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