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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A company owning both a soft drink brand and a restaurant is facing declining profits. While the soft drink business is performing well, a suggestion is made to sell the restaurant and focus solely on the soft drink business. However, there are concerns that selling the restaurant could potentially create a new competitor in the soft drink market, as the restaurant is the sole outlet for these drinks. Which of the following, if true, would support the initial suggestion to sell the restaurant and counter the concern about creating a new competitor?
A. Some restaurants refuse to sell the company's soft drinks due to competition with the company's restaurant.
B. The price at which the company sells its soft drinks to its own restaurant is the same as the price offered to other restaurants in the market.
C. The restaurant's main revenue comes from food, not from selling soft drinks.
D. The soft drink recipe is a closely guarded secret, making it difficult for competitors to replicate.
E. The company has plans to expand the soft drink distribution to other restaurants and retail outlets.
In an urban shopping area plagued by high crime rates, surveillance cameras were installed to deter criminal activities. Post-installation, the reported incidents of certain types of crimes, like burglaries, significantly decreased. However, the rate of reported muggings remained relatively unchanged. This discrepancy raises questions about the effectiveness of the surveillance cameras in reducing overall crime rates in the area.
Which of the following, if true, most effectively explains the discrepancy in the change of reported crime rates after the installation of surveillance cameras?
A. The presence of surveillance cameras has made it easier to detect and report burglaries, but muggings often occur in camera blind spots.
B. Many burglaries that occurred before the installation of cameras went unreported due to a lack of evidence.
C. The surveillance cameras are equipped with advanced technology that is particularly effective in deterring burglaries.
D. Residents of the area have become more vigilant in reporting burglaries after the installation of cameras but remain reluctant to report muggings.
E. Muggings in the area are often carried out in a way that makes them difficult to capture clearly on camera, leading to a lack of substantial evidence for reporting.
答案:
AA
2.Di
The European Museum Protection Association (EMPA), a non-profit organization established in 1985, has been at the vanguard of safeguarding Europe's immense cultural heritage housed within its extensive network of museums. With a membership of over 1,200 institutions spanning 28 countries, the EMPA plays a pivotal role in setting and upholding rigorous standards for museum security, environmental control, and artifact preservation. The association's influence extends far beyond the borders of its member states, as it actively collaborates with international organizations such as UNESCO and ICOM to promote global best practices in museum conservation and risk management. In recent years, the EMPA has increasingly focused its efforts on addressing the multifaceted threats posed by climate change, rapid urbanization, and the rise of digital technologies to the long-term preservation of cultural objects, actively encouraging its member museums to implement robust measures to mitigate these evolving challenges.
In 2022, the EMPA conducted an extensive survey to assess the current state of protection measures among its member museums. The comprehensive study, which involved detailed questionnaires, on-site inspections, and interviews with key stakeholders, revealed that an impressive 68% of the institutions had upgraded their security systems within the past five years, with an average investment of €1.2 million per museum. This substantial financial commitment underscores the growing recognition among museum administrators of the paramount importance of ensuring the safety and integrity of their collections in the face of emerging threats such as cyber attacks, terrorism, and organized crime. However, the survey also brought to light significant disparities in the allocation of resources for protection efforts, with smaller institutions in economically disadvantaged regions often struggling to keep pace with their larger, more affluent counterparts. Only 45% of the museums surveyed reported having a dedicated in-house conservation team, with an average staff size of just six professionals per institution. This finding highlights the acute shortage of qualified personnel in the field of museum conservation, a challenge compounded by the increasing complexity of the skills and knowledge required to effectively preserve and restore cultural objects in the 21st century.
The EMPA survey also shed light on the growing concern among museum professionals over the impact of climate change on artifact preservation. An alarming 82% of museums reported experiencing increased fluctuations in temperature and humidity levels within their exhibition spaces over the past decade, with some institutions recording deviations of up to 20% from recommended conservation standards. These environmental changes can have a devastating effect on the integrity of cultural objects, accelerating the deterioration and damage of sensitive materials. Organic artifacts, such as paper, textiles, and wood, are particularly vulnerable to these fluctuations, as they can cause structural weakening, discoloration, and the growth of harmful microorganisms. In extreme cases, rapid changes in humidity can lead to the warping or cracking of painted surfaces, while prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause the embrittlement of polymers and the fading of pigments. The effects of climate change on museum collections are not limited to the immediate physical damage caused by fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Rising sea levels and the increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as floods, wildfires, and hurricanes also pose significant risks to cultural heritage sites and museums, particularly those located in coastal areas or regions prone to extreme weather events. In response to these pressing challenges, 59% of the institutions surveyed had invested in advanced environmental control systems, with an average expenditure of €850,000 per museum. These sophisticated systems often utilize cutting-edge technologies such as machine learning algorithms and predictive analytics to optimize energy efficiency and responsiveness to external conditions, ensuring that artifacts are maintained within strict conservation parameters at all times.
Despite the significant progress made by European museums in enhancing their protection measures, the EMPA estimates that approximately 12% of Europe's museum collections, representing millions of individual artifacts, still face the risk of deterioration or loss due to insufficient safeguards. This sobering statistic underscores the urgent need for continued investment and innovation in the field of museum conservation, particularly in the development of cost-effective and scalable solutions that can be readily adopted by smaller institutions with limited resources. To address these challenges, the EMPA has called for a paradigm shift in the way museums approach risk management, advocating for a more proactive and holistic approach that encompasses not only physical security and environmental control but also disaster preparedness, staff training, and public outreach.
Central to this new paradigm is the concept of "preventive conservation," which emphasizes the importance of identifying and mitigating potential risks to collections before they can cause irreversible damage. This approach requires museums to conduct regular assessments of their facilities, operations, and collections to identify vulnerabilities and develop targeted strategies to address them. For example, museums located in flood-prone areas may need to invest in waterproof storage containers, elevate their collections above ground level, and develop emergency evacuation plans to protect their artifacts in the event of a natural disaster. Similarly, institutions with large collections of light-sensitive materials, such as photographs and textiles, may need to implement strict protocols for limiting exposure to UV radiation and establishing appropriate display rotations to minimize cumulative damage over time.
To support the adoption of preventive conservation practices, the EMPA has developed a comprehensive set of guidelines and best practices that cover all aspects of museum operations, from environmental monitoring and pest control to staff training and visitor management. These guidelines are based on the latest scientific research and industry standards, and are regularly updated to reflect new technologies and emerging threats. The association also provides a range of training and certification programs to help museum professionals acquire the specialized skills and knowledge needed to effectively implement preventive conservation measures in their institutions.
In addition to promoting best practices within the museum sector, the EMPA also works to raise public awareness of the importance of preserving cultural heritage for future generations. Through a variety of outreach initiatives, including exhibitions, educational programs, and social media campaigns, the association seeks to engage the public in the work of museums and foster a sense of shared responsibility for the protection of our shared cultural legacy. By building broad-based support for museum conservation efforts, the EMPA hopes to create a more sustainable and resilient cultural heritage sector that can withstand the challenges of the 21st century and beyond.
Despite the progress made in recent years, the European museum sector still faces significant challenges in ensuring the long-term preservation of its collections. Chronic underfunding, rising operational costs, and the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters and security threats all pose significant risks to the integrity of museum collections. To address these challenges, the EMPA has called for a renewed commitment from governments, private donors, and the public to support the work of museums and invest in the future of our shared cultural heritage. This includes increased funding for research and development, the establishment of national and international networks of conservation experts, and the creation of emergency response funds to help museums recover from disasters and other crises.
Ultimately, the preservation of Europe's cultural heritage is a shared responsibility that requires the active engagement and collaboration of all stakeholders, from museum professionals and researchers to policymakers and the general public. By working together to develop innovative solutions, share knowledge and resources, and build a culture of prevention and resilience, we can ensure that the treasures of our past continue to inspire and enrich the lives of generations to come. The European Museum Protection Association will continue to play a leading role in this effort, serving as a catalyst for change and a champion for the vital work of museums in preserving our shared cultural legacy.
1. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the primary mission of the European Museum Protection Association (EMPA)?
A. To provide financial assistance to museums for the acquisition of new artifacts
B. To promote public awareness of the cultural significance of European museums
C. To establish and maintain standards for museum security, environmental control, and artifact preservation
D. To facilitate the exchange of artifacts between member museums across Europe
E. To lobby European governments for increased funding for museum conservation efforts
2. The passage suggests that the EMPA's influence extends beyond its member states through its collaborations with:
A. Private corporations and philanthropic organizations
B. International law enforcement agencies
C. UNESCO and ICOM
D. European Union governing bodies
E. Major media outlets and public relations firms
3. According to the 2022 EMPA survey, which of the following statements about the state of museum security upgrades is true?
A. The majority of museums have not upgraded their security systems in the past five years.
B. The average investment in security upgrades per museum was €2.1 million.
C. Smaller museums in economically disadvantaged regions have been able to keep pace with their larger, more affluent counterparts in terms of security upgrades.
D. 68% of the surveyed institutions had upgraded their security systems within the past five years.
E. The survey did not collect data on the financial investments made by museums in security upgrades.
4. The passage indicates that the shortage of qualified personnel in the field of museum conservation is exacerbated by:
A. The increasing complexity of the skills and knowledge required to preserve and restore cultural objects in the 21st century
B. The reluctance of museums to invest in staff training and professional development
C. The high turnover rates among museum conservation professionals due to poor working conditions
D. The lack of interest among younger generations in pursuing careers in museum conservation
E. The outsourcing of conservation work to third-party contractors and consultants
5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential consequence of climate change-induced fluctuations in temperature and humidity on museum artifacts?
A. Structural weakening of organic materials
B. Discoloration of sensitive objects
C. Growth of harmful microorganisms
D. Warping or cracking of painted surfaces
E. Increased risk of theft or vandalism
6. The passage suggests that the "preventive conservation" approach advocated by the EMPA emphasizes:
A. The importance of investing in state-of-the-art security systems to prevent theft and vandalism
B. The need for museums to prioritize the acquisition of new artifacts over the conservation of existing collections
C. The development of cost-effective and scalable solutions that can be readily adopted by smaller institutions with limited resources
D. The importance of identifying and mitigating potential risks to collections before they can cause irreversible damage
E. The establishment of international protocols for the repatriation of cultural objects to their countries of origin
7. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the state of museum conservation efforts in Europe?
A. The majority of European museums have successfully implemented comprehensive protection measures to safeguard their collections.
B. The European museum sector has been able to attract and retain a sufficient number of qualified conservation professionals to meet the growing demands of the field.
C. The EMPA has been largely unsuccessful in its efforts to promote the adoption of preventive conservation strategies among its member institutions.
D. Despite significant progress in recent years, many European museums still face considerable challenges in ensuring the long-term preservation of their collections.
E. The threat posed by climate change to museum collections has been largely overstated by the EMPA and other conservation organizations.
8. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. The preservation of cultural heritage should be the sole responsibility of individual museums and their staff.
B. The impact of digital technologies on museum conservation efforts has been largely positive.
C. The long-term preservation of Europe's cultural heritage requires a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving a wide range of stakeholders.
D. The financial challenges faced by museums in implementing effective protection measures are primarily due to mismanagement and inefficiency.
E. The risks posed by climate change to museum collections can be effectively mitigated through the use of advanced environmental control systems alone.
9. According to the passage, the EMPA's comprehensive set of guidelines and best practices for preventive conservation cover all of the following aspects of museum operations EXCEPT:
A. Environmental monitoring
B. Pest control
C. Staff training
D. Visitor management
E. Acquisition of new artifacts
10. The passage suggests that the EMPA seeks to build broad-based support for museum conservation efforts through all of the following outreach initiatives EXCEPT:
A. Exhibitions
B. Educational programs
C. Social media campaigns
D. Political lobbying
E. Engaging the public in the work of museums
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. E
6. D
7. D
8. C
9. E
10. D
3.RC
Sharecropping and tenant farming emerged as substitutes for paid labor in the post-Civil War South, where cash was scarce and the traditional plantation system had been upended. Under sharecropping, a farmer would cultivate a portion of the landlord's crop and receive a share of the profits after deductions for living expenses and the cost of tools and supplies. In tenant farming, the farmer would sell his own crop and pay the landlord a portion of the profits as rent. In both arrangements, the landlord held a dominant position, either owning the crop outright or maintaining a lien on it, ensuring that he received his share first, even if profits were meager. The sharecropper or tenant farmer was left with the remainder, if any, or received an advance to sustain them until the next harvest, perpetuating a cycle of debt and dependence.
In the aftermath of the Civil War, landowners in Mississippi, desperate to recover financially, clung to their traditional cash crop, cotton, eschewing agricultural diversification. By 1879, cotton production had rebounded to its prewar peak. However, this resurgence failed to translate into improved living standards for the majority of Mississippians, as cotton prices declined throughout most of the postwar decades, while living costs continued to rise. The burden of mounting debt forced many small farmers to relinquish their land and become tenants or sharecroppers, trapped in a system from which few could escape due to the inability to pay off their annual advances. The sharecropping and tenant farming system persisted until the onset of World War II, when the widespread mechanization of cotton production rendered it economically unviable.
The postwar agricultural landscape in Mississippi was characterized by a complex interplay of economic, social, and political factors that shaped the lives of both landowners and laborers. The scarcity of cash in the war-torn South necessitated the development of alternative labor arrangements, such as sharecropping and tenant farming, which allowed landowners to continue cultivating their crops without the need for significant capital outlay. However, these systems often perpetuated economic inequality and social stratification, as sharecroppers and tenant farmers found themselves trapped in a cycle of debt and poverty, unable to accumulate the resources necessary to improve their circumstances.
The reliance on cotton as the primary cash crop further exacerbated the economic challenges faced by Mississippians in the postwar era. While cotton production quickly rebounded to prewar levels, the global market for cotton had undergone significant changes, with increased competition from other regions and the emergence of new textile technologies. As a result, cotton prices remained depressed for much of the postwar period, limiting the potential profits for both landowners and laborers. The failure to diversify agricultural production left the Mississippi economy vulnerable to the vicissitudes of the cotton market, contributing to the persistent poverty and economic stagnation that characterized the region.
The sharecropping and tenant farming system also had significant social and political implications, as it reinforced the racial hierarchies that had dominated the antebellum South. The majority of sharecroppers and tenant farmers were African Americans, who found themselves subject to the control and exploitation of white landowners. This power imbalance was further entrenched by the lack of access to education and political representation, which limited the ability of sharecroppers and tenant farmers to advocate for their rights and interests.
Despite the challenges and inequities inherent in the sharecropping and tenant farming system, it remained a dominant feature of the Mississippi agricultural landscape for decades, until the advent of World War II and the widespread mechanization of cotton production. The introduction of mechanical cotton pickers and other advanced agricultural technologies rendered the labor-intensive sharecropping and tenant farming system economically unviable, leading to its gradual disappearance. However, the legacy of this system continued to shape the social, economic, and political landscape of Mississippi and the broader South, influencing patterns of land ownership, race relations, and economic development well into the 20th century.
1. What was the primary reason for the emergence of sharecropping and tenant farming in the post-Civil War South?
A. The abundance of cash available to pay wages
B. The desire of landowners to diversify their crops
C. The scarcity of cash to pay wages
D. The increased global demand for cotton
E. The widespread mechanization of agriculture
2. According to the passage, what was the relationship between the landlord and the sharecropper or tenant farmer in terms of the crop?
A. The landlord and the sharecropper or tenant farmer had equal ownership of the crop.
B. The sharecropper or tenant farmer owned the crop outright.
C. The landlord either owned the crop or had a lien on it.
D. The sharecropper or tenant farmer had the right to sell the crop without the landlord's permission.
E. The landlord had no claim on the crop under any circumstances.
3. What was the primary cash crop that Mississippi landowners relied on in the postwar era?
A. Tobacco
B. Sugarcane
C. Rice
D. Cotton
E. Corn
4. According to the passage, why did the return of high levels of cotton production fail to improve the lives of most Mississippians?
A. The price of cotton increased significantly in the postwar decades.
B. The cost of living decreased, making it easier for farmers to pay off their debts.
C. The price of cotton declined, and living costs rose.
D. Landowners diversified their crops, reducing their reliance on cotton.
E. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers were able to escape the cycle of debt.
5. What event led to the gradual disappearance of the sharecropping and tenant farming system?
A. The end of World War I
B. The Great Depression
C. The Civil Rights Movement
D. The widespread mechanization of cotton production during World War II
E. The introduction of new cash crops in the early 20th century
6. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
A. Sharecropping and tenant farming were beneficial systems that helped Mississippians recover from the Civil War.
B. The mechanization of agriculture had little impact on the sharecropping and tenant farming system.
C. Sharecropping and tenant farming were alternatives to paid labor that perpetuated economic inequality and debt in postwar Mississippi.
D. The Civil War had no lasting impact on the agricultural landscape of Mississippi.
E. Cotton production in Mississippi declined significantly in the postwar era.
7. According to the passage, how did the sharecropping and tenant farming system reinforce racial hierarchies in the postwar South?
A. The majority of landowners were African Americans.
B. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers had equal access to education and political representation.
C. The majority of sharecroppers and tenant farmers were African Americans subject to the control of white landowners.
D. Race played no role in the sharecropping and tenant farming system.
E. African American sharecroppers and tenant farmers were able to advocate for their rights and interests effectively.
8. What can be inferred from the passage about the long-term impact of the sharecropping and tenant farming system on Mississippi?
A. The system had no lasting impact on the social, economic, or political landscape of Mississippi.
B. The legacy of the system continued to influence land ownership, race relations, and economic development in Mississippi well into the 20th century.
C. The disappearance of the system led to an immediate improvement in the lives of African American Mississippians.
D. The system contributed to the rapid industrialization of Mississippi in the early 20th century.
E. The legacy of the system was entirely erased by the mechanization of agriculture during World War II.
1. C - 文章第一句提到，由于南方现金短缺，sharecropping和tenant farming作为支付工资的替代方案出现。
2. C - 文章第二、三句解释了sharecropping和tenant farming中，地主要么拥有作物，要么对作物有留置权。
3. D - 文章多次提到棉花是南方地主主要依赖的经济作物。
4. C - 文章明确指出，棉花价格下降、生活成本上升是大多数密西西比人生活没有改善的原因。
5. D - 文章最后一段提到，二战期间棉花生产的大规模机械化使得sharecropping不再有利可图，该制度才开始消失。
6. C - 全文主要讨论sharecropping和tenant farming如何在战后密西西比延续不平等和债务。
7. C - 文章倒数第三段提到，大多数佃农和租户农场主是非裔美国人，受制于白人地主。
8. B - 文章最后一段指出，尽管sharecropping和tenant farming系统最终消失，但其影响持续塑造着密西西比乃至整个南方的社会、经济和政治格局，影响着20世纪的土地所有权、种族关系和经济发展模式.
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发表于 2024-5-8 08:13:48
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