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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
Recent findings in the Andean kingdom of Peru revealed mummies predating the arrival of Spanish colonizers that showed evidence of a widespread infectious disease. This challenges the belief that the disease was brought by the Spanish. The conclusion drawn is that the disease was not introduced by the Spanish colonizers. Which of the following assumptions is necessary to support this conclusion?
A. The disease found in the mummies was continuously present in the Andean population until the arrival of the Spanish.
B. There were no significant changes in the living conditions or population density in the Andean kingdom that could have facilitated the spread of the disease just before the arrival of the Spanish.
C. The Spanish colonizers did not carry any other infectious diseases that could have affected the Andean population.
D. The mummification process did not preserve the pathogens, making it impossible to determine the exact nature of the disease.
E. The Andean people had developed immunity to this disease over time, reducing its impact by the time the Spanish arrived.
Archaeologists studying an ancient site discovered kitchen remnants with no fish bones, leading to the conclusion that the inhabitants, despite living near a fish-abundant area, did not consume fish, even in the absence of other meat sources.
Which of the following, if true, most effectively explains the apparent contradiction between the inhabitants' proximity to a fish-abundant area and the absence of fish bones in the kitchen remnants?
A. Fish bones decompose at a faster rate than other animal bones, leading to their absence in the remnants.
B. The inhabitants of the site had dietary restrictions that prohibited the consumption of fish.
C. The fish in the nearby area were known to be toxic and unsuitable for consumption.
D. The inhabitants predominantly consumed fish in a form that did not leave bone remnants, such as fish paste.
E. The site was used for ceremonial purposes where fish was not traditionally consumed.
答案:
AA
2.RC
There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BAC’s of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.
There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.
To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to driving while intoxicated. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.
Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverages will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BAC’s involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those repeatedly arrested for drunken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidence that Alcohol Safety Action Project-supported programs, in which rehabilitation measures are requested by the court,have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have improved. One thing is clear, however; unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.
1.What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Alcohol consumption is the leading cause of motor vehicle accidents in the United States.
B. Higher taxes on alcohol and stricter laws against drunk driving are effective in reducing motor vehicle fatalities.
C. Rehabilitation programs for drunk drivers have not been proven to reduce recidivism or crash rates.
D. Despite various approaches to address the issue, alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents continue to be a significant problem in the United States.
E. The effectiveness of the British Road Safety Act in reducing motor vehicle fatalities declined over time.
2:According to the passage, what percentage of drivers with a BAC of 0.1 percent or higher are involved in fatal crashes?
A. Less than 1 percent
B. 4 percent
C. 27 percent
D. 50 percent
E. 80 percent
3:What does the author suggest about the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs for drunk drivers?
A. They have significantly reduced recidivism and crash rates.
B. They have improved knowledge and attitudes but not decreased recidivism or crash rates.
C. They are more effective than higher taxes on alcohol or stricter laws against drunk driving.
D. They are the most promising approach to reducing alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents.
E. They have not been thoroughly studied in controlled trials.
4.What does the author imply about the relationship between a country's total alcohol consumption and excessive consumption by individuals?
A. There is no correlation between the two.
B. Higher total alcohol consumption leads to more excessive consumption by individuals.
C. Excessive consumption by individuals accounts for most of a country's total alcohol consumption.
D. Lowering total alcohol consumption would not affect excessive consumption by individuals.
E. The relationship between the two is unclear and requires further study.
5.According to the passage, what happened to motor vehicle fatalities in Britain following the implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967?
A. They decreased by 25 percent and remained at that level for three years.
B. They decreased by 25 percent but gradually increased as people realized they could drink and not be stopped.
C. They increased by 25 percent immediately after the Act was implemented.
D. They remained unchanged in the three years following the Act.
E. They reached levels higher than those observed in the seven years prior to the Act.
6. What does the author suggest about the effectiveness of higher taxes on alcohol in reducing excessive consumption?
A. It is a proven method for reducing excessive consumption.
B. It would penalize all drinkers, not just those who consume excessively.
C. It is unclear whether it would deter excessive drinkers responsible for most fatalities.
D. It is more effective than making drinking and driving a criminal offense.
E. It has been successfully implemented in many countries.
7.According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, what is the ratio of violations to arrests for driving while intoxicated?
A. 1 to 700
B. 27 to 1
C. 700 to 1
D. 1 to 27
E. 4 to 1
8.What does the author suggest is necessary to reduce the number of deaths caused by alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents?
A. Implementing stricter laws against drunk driving
B. Increasing taxes on alcoholic beverages
C. Expanding rehabilitation programs for drunk drivers
D. Addressing automobile and highway safety issues
E. Conducting more controlled trials on the effectiveness of various approaches
1.D
2.A
3.B
4.B
5.A
6.C
7.C
8.D
3. DI
The Qin Dynasty, which lasted from 221 to 206 BCE, was a pivotal period in Chinese history that marked the end of the Warring States period and the beginning of a unified China under a centralized government. The Warring States period, which lasted from 475 to 221 BCE, was characterized by the struggle for supremacy among seven major states: Qin, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qi. After a series of strategic conquests and alliances, the state of Qin emerged as the dominant power, and its ruler, Ying Zheng, declared himself the first emperor of China, taking the title Qin Shi Huang.
Qin Shi Huang, whose reign lasted from 221 to 210 BCE, is renowned for his ambitious projects and sweeping reforms that laid the foundation for a unified Chinese empire. One of his most significant achievements was the standardization of weights, measures, and currency throughout the realm. He also mandated the use of a uniform writing system, which helped to facilitate communication and trade across the vast empire. Furthermore, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of an extensive network of roads and canals, which not only improved transportation and commerce but also allowed for the rapid deployment of troops to maintain order and security.
Perhaps the most iconic of Qin Shi Huang's projects was the construction of the Great Wall of China. Although earlier dynasties had built walls along their northern borders to protect against nomadic invasions, Qin Shi Huang connected and fortified these existing structures to create a continuous defensive line stretching approximately 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles). The construction of the Great Wall was an immense undertaking that required an estimated 1.5 million workers and took around 10 years to complete. Some sections of the wall reached heights of 7 meters (23 feet) and widths of 5 meters (16 feet), with watchtowers placed at regular intervals to provide early warning of enemy incursions. Historians estimate that during the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall defended a border that extended over 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles), a testament to the vast territorial expanse of the empire.
Another remarkable legacy of Qin Shi Huang's reign is the famous Terracotta Army, a collection of life-sized clay soldiers, horses, and chariots discovered in 1974 by local farmers near the emperor's tomb in present-day Xi'an. The Terracotta Army, which is considered one of the greatest archaeological finds of the 20th century, provides invaluable insight into the military, artistic, and cultural practices of the Qin Dynasty. Archaeologists estimate that the three excavated pits contain more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses, and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remain buried. Each soldier is unique, with distinct facial features, hairstyles, and armor, reflecting the incredible attention to detail and craftsmanship of the Qin artisans. The entire mausoleum complex, which includes the emperor's tomb and numerous other burial pits, is thought to cover an area of 98 square kilometers (38 square miles), a scale that underscores the power and wealth of the Qin Dynasty at its zenith.
Despite these impressive achievements, the Qin Dynasty was remarkably short-lived, lasting only 15 years after the death of Qin Shi Huang in 210 BCE. The emperor's obsession with immortality led him to consume mercury, which likely contributed to his premature death at the age of 49. His son, Qin Er Shi, took the throne but faced widespread unrest and rebellion, as the Qin Dynasty's harsh legalist policies and oppressive rule had fostered significant resentment among the population. The Qin's legalist philosophy, which emphasized strict obedience to the state and meted out severe punishments for those who disobeyed, had created a climate of fear and discontent that ultimately proved to be the dynasty's undoing. In 207 BCE, Qin Er Shi was assassinated, and by 206 BCE, the Qin Dynasty had collapsed, giving way to the Han Dynasty, which would rule China for the next four centuries.
The rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty had a profound and lasting impact on Chinese history and culture. Although the dynasty itself was short-lived, the centralization and standardization policies implemented by Qin Shi Huang laid the foundation for a unified Chinese empire that would endure for millennia. The Qin's legalist philosophy, which emphasized the absolute authority of the state and the importance of strict laws and punishments, would influence the governing principles of future dynasties, even as they sought to distance themselves from the Qin's excesses and brutality.
The Qin Dynasty's cultural and technological innovations also had far-reaching consequences. The standardization of the Chinese writing system, for example, helped to create a common literary and intellectual culture that would bind the empire together for centuries to come. The Qin's advances in agriculture, such as the introduction of iron tools and improved irrigation techniques, led to increased crop yields and a growing population. The construction of roads, canals, and other infrastructure projects facilitated trade, communication, and the movement of people and goods across the vast empire.
Perhaps most enduring of all is the legacy of the Qin Dynasty's monumental architecture and artwork. The Great Wall of China, though much rebuilt and extended in later dynasties, stands as a testament to the Qin's ambition and organizational prowess. The Terracotta Army, with its thousands of intricately crafted soldiers, horses, and chariots, provides a glimpse into the military might and artistic sophistication of the Qin Dynasty at its height. These iconic structures and artifacts have captured the imagination of people around the world and have come to symbolize the rich history and cultural heritage of China.
In conclusion, the Qin Dynasty, though brief, was a crucial turning point in Chinese history. Its unification of China under a centralized government, its sweeping reforms and standardization policies, and its monumental building projects laid the groundwork for the development of Chinese civilization over the next two millennia. While the Qin Dynasty is often remembered for its harshness and oppression, its legacy is one of enduring significance, as evidenced by the lasting impact of its cultural, technological, and artistic achievements. The rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty is a story of ambition, innovation, and the enduring power of ideas to shape the course of history.
1. The Qin Dynasty emerged as the dominant power after a period of conflict known as:
A. The Spring and Autumn period
B. The Warring States period
C. The Three Kingdoms period
D. The Northern and Southern Dynasties period
2. Qin Shi Huang's reign lasted from:
A. 221 to 210 BCE
B. 210 to 206 BCE
C. 206 to 202 BCE
D. 202 to 195 BCE
3. The construction of the Great Wall during the Qin Dynasty took approximately:
A. 5 years
B. 10 years
C. 15 years
D. 20 years
4. The Terracotta Army, discovered in 1974, is estimated to contain more than:
A. 5,000 soldiers
B. 8,000 soldiers
C. 10,000 soldiers
D. 12,000 soldiers
5. The Qin Dynasty's legalist philosophy emphasized:
A. Individual freedom and self-expression
B. The importance of education and scholarship
C. Strict obedience to the state and severe punishments
D. Religious devotion and moral cultivation
6. Qin Shi Huang's obsession with immortality led him to consume:
A. Gold
B. Silver
C. Mercury
D. Jade
7. The Qin Dynasty was succeeded by:
A. The Tang Dynasty
B. The Song Dynasty
C. The Han Dynasty
D. The Ming Dynasty
8. The Qin Dynasty's standardization of the Chinese writing system helped to:
A. Create a common literary and intellectual culture
B. Increase crop yields and population growth
C. Facilitate the construction of the Great Wall
D. Promote the spread of Buddhism throughout China
9. The Terracotta Army is considered one of the greatest archaeological finds of the:
A. 18th century
B. 19th century
C. 20th century
D. 21st century
10. The legacy of the Qin Dynasty can be best described as:
A. A cautionary tale of the dangers of unchecked power and oppression
B. A model of enlightened governance and social harmony
C. A crucial turning point that laid the foundation for Chinese civilization
D. An era of cultural stagnation and intellectual decline
1. 答案:B。题干中提到,战国时期持续了从公元前475年到公元前221年,之后秦国统一了中国。
2. 答案:A。题干中提到,秦始皇的统治从公元前221年持续到公元前210年。
3. 答案:B。题干中提到,修建长城大约耗时10年。
4. 答案:B。题干中提到,考古学家估计出土的三个坑中包含超过8,000个士兵。
5. 答案:C。题干中提到,秦朝的法家哲学强调对国家的绝对服从以及严厉的法律和惩罚。
6. 答案:C。题干中提到,秦始皇痴迷长生不老,导致他服用了汞。
7. 答案:C。题干中提到,秦朝灭亡后,汉朝接管了中国,统治了接下来的四个世纪。
8. 答案:A。题干中提到,秦朝对中国书写系统的标准化有助于创造一种共同的文学和知识文化。
9. 答案:C。题干中提到,兵马俑被认为是20世纪最伟大的考古发现之一。
10. 答案:C。题干中提到,秦朝的崛起和灭亡是中国历史的一个重要转折点,为中华文明的发展奠定了基础。
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发表于 2024-4-9 10:06:30
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