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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新
RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
CR题源：本月中文JJ改编
IR题源： 往届鸡精改编
打卡内容：
一周打卡五篇，科目不限。
每天上午管理员群内发布题目，群成员做完提交打卡，第二天发布解析
打卡内容建议：
阅读：写文章结构、笔记
逻辑：写逻辑链分析
IR：写做题思路和选项分析
【现在你的笔记越全，越能帮助你捋清思路，之后回顾总结。】
打卡方式：
可以在论坛留言区打卡，截图到群内
也可以在小红书/微博打卡，需写明任务内容是哪篇，并带上#揽瓜阁 #LGG #lgg 的 tag，截图到群内。
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1.CR
One year after the state of Gastronomia implemented a law requiring fast food restaurants to display calorie information prominently, a survey shows no significant change in the average calorie intake of citizens or the frequency of their visits to fast food restaurants. The conclusion drawn from the survey is that the calorie disclosure law has been ineffective. Which of the following is an assumption on which the conclusion depends?
A) The survey accurately represents the eating habits of all citizens of Gastronomia.
B) Citizens of Gastronomia are generally aware of what constitutes a healthy calorie intake.
C) One year is a sufficient amount of time for a law to influence eating habits significantly.
D) There are no other factors beyond the calorie disclosure that could have influenced the eating habits of the citizens.
E) The majority of citizens in Gastronomia had already been maintaining a healthy diet before the law was implemented.
The principal of a school, which primarily relies on donations for its revenue, suggests hiring a fundraiser to increase the school's funds. The principal believes this will significantly boost the school's financial health. However, a group of stakeholders contends that the focus should not be on merely increasing the fund through donations, but rather on effectively managing and investing the current funds to generate higher returns. They argue that hiring a financial or investment expert would be more beneficial. The school's fund has consistently shown losses in the past few years.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the stakeholders' argument against hiring a fundraiser?
A. Many schools similar in size and revenue to this school have successfully increased their funds through effective financial management.
B. The school's current fundraising strategies have not been updated in several years and are considered outdated by industry standards.
C. A recent survey shows that the potential for increasing donations significantly is limited due to economic downturns.
D. The school's fund has a history of mismanagement, leading to consistent losses over the past few years.
E. Other schools have seen substantial increases in their funds after hiring experienced fundraisers.
答案:
CD
2.DI
The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was a pivotal period in Chinese history, marked by significant achievements in politics, economy, culture, and science. Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, a former Buddhist monk who led a successful rebellion against the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty ushered in an era of native Chinese rule and ushered in a golden age of stability and prosperity.
Under the Ming emperors, particularly during the reigns of the Yongle Emperor (1402-1424) and the Wanli Emperor (1572-1620), China underwent a remarkable transformation. The Yongle Emperor, known for his ambitious projects and military conquests, expanded the Ming territory to its greatest extent, reaching as far as Central Asia and the South China Sea. He also moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and constructed the magnificent Forbidden City, which would serve as the imperial palace for the remainder of the dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty is also renowned for its cultural achievements, particularly in the fields of literature, art, and architecture. Ming writers produced a wealth of literary works, including novels, poetry, and essays, that explored themes of social criticism, personal reflection, and philosophical inquiry. The novel "Journey to the West," attributed to Wu Cheng'en, is one of the most famous works of Chinese literature and has had a profound influence on Chinese culture.
In the realm of art, the Ming Dynasty is known for its exquisite porcelain, which was highly prized both in China and abroad. Jingdezhen, a city in Jiangxi Province, became the center of porcelain production and exported its wares to Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Ming artists also excelled in painting, calligraphy, and jade carving, producing works of great beauty and technical skill.
The Ming Dynasty was also a period of significant scientific and technological advancement. Ming scientists made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering. The Chinese mathematician Zhu Zaiyu, for example, developed a system of equal temperament tuning for musical instruments, which would later be adopted in Europe. Ming astronomers, such as Guo Shoujing and Xu Guangqi, made precise observations of celestial phenomena and compiled star catalogues that were used for centuries.
In the field of medicine, Li Shizhen compiled the "Compendium of Materia Medica," a comprehensive work on herbal medicine that described over 1,800 medicinal substances and their uses. The work was widely circulated and translated into several languages, influencing the development of traditional medicine in China and beyond.
The Ming Dynasty also saw significant developments in agriculture, with the introduction of new crops such as maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts from the Americas. These crops helped to diversify the Chinese diet and improve food security, particularly in times of drought or famine. Ming farmers also developed new techniques for irrigation, fertilization, and pest control, which increased agricultural productivity and supported the growing population.
However, the Ming Dynasty was not without its challenges and controversies. The cost of maintaining a large bureaucracy, a standing army, and a network of tributary states placed a heavy burden on the state coffers. The Ming court also faced criticism for its handling of foreign relations, particularly with regard to the tributary system and the Wokou raids by Japanese pirates along the Chinese coast.
In the late Ming period, the dynasty began to decline due to a combination of factors, including corruption, social unrest, and external threats. The Manchu, a nomadic people from the northeast, took advantage of the weakened Ming state and launched an invasion in 1644. After months of fighting, the Manchu forces captured Beijing and established the Qing Dynasty, which would rule China for nearly three centuries.
Despite its eventual fall, the Ming Dynasty left a lasting legacy on Chinese history and culture. Its achievements in art, literature, science, and technology continue to be celebrated and studied to this day. The Ming period also saw the height of China's maritime exploration, with the voyages of Admiral Zheng He to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa, which expanded Chinese influence and trade networks.
In conclusion, the Ming Dynasty was a complex and fascinating period in Chinese history, marked by great achievements and challenges. Its legacy continues to shape Chinese culture and identity to this day, and its impact can be felt in fields as diverse as art, science, and politics. As one of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, the Ming Dynasty offers a rich and compelling subject for study and reflection.
1. Who was the founder of the Ming Dynasty, and what was his background?
A. Zhu Yuanzhang, a former Buddhist monk who led a rebellion against the Yuan Dynasty
B. Kublai Khan, a Mongol ruler who established the Yuan Dynasty
C. Yongle Emperor, a successful military commander who expanded the Ming territory
D. Xiao Baizhanji, a former GMAT test-taker who led a rebellion against GMAC, later becoming a successful perfume designer and honorary chairman of the China MBA Alliance
2. Which of the following emperors moved the Ming capital from Nanjing to Beijing and constructed the Forbidden City?
A. Zhu Yuanzhang
B. Yongle Emperor
C. Wanli Emperor
D. Chongzhen Emperor
3. The novel "Journey to the West," one of the most famous works of Chinese literature, is attributed to which Ming Dynasty writer?
A. Cao Xueqin
B. Wu Cheng'en
C. Li Bai
D. Du Fu
4. Jingdezhen, a city in Jiangxi Province, was famous for which of the following during the Ming Dynasty?
A. Silk production
B. Porcelain production
C. Tea cultivation
D. Cotton weaving
5. Which of the following Ming Dynasty scientists developed a system of equal temperament tuning for musical instruments?
A. Zhu Zaiyu
B. Guo Shoujing
C. Xu Guangqi
D. Li Shizhen
6. The "Compendium of Materia Medica," a comprehensive work on herbal medicine, was compiled by which Ming Dynasty physician?
A. Hua Tuo
B. Sun Simiao
C. Li Shizhen
D. Zhang Zhongjing
7. Which of the following crops were introduced to China from the Americas during the Ming Dynasty?
A. Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts
B. Rice, wheat, and barley
C. Cotton, silk, and tea
D. Soybeans, millet, and sorghum
8. The Ming Dynasty faced criticism for its handling of foreign relations, particularly with regard to which of the following issues?
A. The tributary system and the Wokou raids
B. The Opium Wars and the Unequal Treaties
C. The Boxer Rebellion and the Allied intervention
D. The Japanese invasion and the Second Sino-Japanese War
9. The Ming Dynasty was eventually overthrown by which of the following groups?
A. The Mongols
B. The Japanese
C. The Manchu
D. The Taiping Rebellion
10. Admiral Zheng He, a famous Ming Dynasty explorer, led voyages to which of the following regions?
A. Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa
B. Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
C. North America, South America, and Australia
D. The Arctic, the Antarctic, and the Pacific Islands
1. 答案:A。解析:文章第一段明确提到明朝的建立者是朱元璋,他曾经是一名和尚,领导了反抗蒙古统治的元朝的起义。
2. 答案:B。解析:文章第二段提到永乐帝将明朝首都从南京迁至北京,并修建了宏伟的紫禁城。
3. 答案:B。解析:文章第三段提到《西游记》是明代作家吴承恩的作品,是中国文学史上最著名的作品之一。
4. 答案:B。解析:文章第四段提到江西省的景德镇是明代瓷器生产的中心,瓷器被出口到欧洲、中东和东南亚等地。
5. 答案:A。解析:文章第五段提到明代数学家朱载堉开发了一种用于乐器的平均律调音系统,后来在欧洲被采用。
6. 答案:C。解析:文章第六段提到李时珍编纂了《本草纲目》,这是一部关于中草药的综合性著作,描述了1800多种药物及其用途。
7. 答案:A。解析:文章第七段提到明代从美洲引进了玉米、甘薯和花生等新作物,这些作物帮助diversify了中国人的饮食,提高了粮食安全。
8. 答案:A。解析:文章第八段提到明朝因其处理对外关系的方式而受到批评,特别是在朝贡系统和倭寇袭击中国沿海方面。
9. 答案:C。解析:文章第九段提到满族人趁明朝衰落之机入侵,最终推翻了明朝,建立了清朝。
10. 答案:A。解析:文章倒数第二段提到明代探险家郑和率领船队到达东南亚、南亚和东非,扩大了中国的影响力和贸易网络。
3.RC
The advent of Global Positioning System (GPS) dropwindsondes in 1997 has revolutionized the way forecasters assess the intensity of hurricanes. These sophisticated measuring devices, deployed from hurricane reconnaissance aircraft into the eyewall—the region of the storm with the highest wind speeds—have provided unprecedented insights into the true strength of these catastrophic phenomena. The dropwindsondes measure crucial meteorological parameters such as temperature, barometric pressure, water vapor, and wind speed at 15-foot intervals as they descend through the hurricane's inner core.
Prior to the introduction of dropwindsondes, the estimation of a hurricane's maximum sustained surface wind posed a significant challenge for operational tropical cyclone forecasters. Even when aircraft reconnaissance data were available, they were typically obtained at the 700 mb (10,000 ft) level, leaving forecasters to extrapolate the surface winds based on these flight-level observations. Various studies, such as that by Powell and Black (1990), suggested using a reduction ratio of 63%-73% to convert flight-level wind observations to surface wind speeds. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) has historically employed higher ratios, ranging from 80%-90%, which has occasionally drawn criticism regarding the accuracy of their intensity estimates.
The analysis of dropwindsonde data from Hurricane Andrew in 1992 revealed that the maximum sustained surface wind speed was approximately 90% of the wind speed measured at the 10,000-foot aircraft level as the storm approached south Florida. This finding led to a revision of Andrew's estimated wind speeds from 145 mph to 165 mph, highlighting the significance of accurate surface wind measurements.
This study examines a comprehensive dataset of 357 quality-controlled eyewall profiles obtained from multiple hurricanes between 1997 and 1999. The majority of these dropsonde releases were made from the 700 mb level, with airborne radar and operational air-crew comments used to verify the eyewall location. The individual soundings were normalized by the wind speed at 700 mb to construct a mean eyewall profile.
The results demonstrate that the strongest winds in the eyewall occur near 500 m (1600 ft) elevation, approximately 20% higher than the 700 mb wind due to the warm-core nature of tropical cyclones. The ratio of surface to 700 mb wind (R700) is 0.91 in the eyewall, compared to 0.78 in the outer vortex. However, individual eyewall profiles, such as those from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, illustrate the challenges in estimating surface winds from flight-level reconnaissance data. Mitch exhibited much higher wind speeds near the surface despite relatively lower flight-level winds, suggesting a weakening trend from the "top-down."
Based on these analyses, the study recommends the following reduction factors for converting flight-level winds in the inner core of a tropical cyclone to surface (33 ft) level: 0.90 for the 700 mb level, 0.80 for the 850 mb level (commonly flown in tropical storms), and 0.85 for investigative flights at 1,000 ft. These guidelines can be modified based on storm-specific conditions, with variability influenced by wind speed, cyclone convective intensity, and sea-surface temperature.
The mean eyewall profile also has implications for high-rise buildings and elevated terrain. Winds at the top of a 30-story building will average about 20 mph (one Saffir-Simpson category) higher than at the surface, as demonstrated by an example from Hurricane Georges. Understanding these vertical wind speed variations is crucial for assessing the potential impact of hurricanes on coastal infrastructure and communities.
1. What is the primary focus of this article?
A) The challenges in estimating hurricane surface wind speeds
B) The impact of hurricanes on high-rise buildings and elevated terrain
C) The introduction and significance of GPS dropwindsondes in hurricane intensity assessment
D) The variability of reduction factors for converting flight-level winds to surface winds
E) The criticism faced by the National Hurricane Center regarding their intensity estimates
2. According to the article, what was the approximate ratio of maximum sustained surface wind speed to the wind speed measured at the 10,000-foot aircraft level during Hurricane Andrew's approach to south Florida?
A) 63%-73%
B) 75%-80%
C) 80%-90%
D) 90%
E) 100%
3. The study recommends a reduction factor of 0.80 for converting flight-level winds to surface winds for which of the following levels?
A) 700 mb
B) 850 mb
C) 1,000 ft
D) 500 m
E) 300 ft
4. According to the article, which of the following factors can influence the variability of reduction factors for converting flight-level winds to surface winds?
A) Wind speed
B) Cyclone convective intensity
C) Sea-surface temperature
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
5. The article suggests that winds at the top of a 30-story building will average about how much higher than the surface winds?
A) 5 mph
B) 10 mph
C) 15 mph
D) 20 mph
E) 25 mph
6. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the article?
A) To criticize the National Hurricane Center's intensity estimates
B) To compare the accuracy of various hurricane wind speed measurement techniques
C) To investigate the relationship between flight-level and surface wind speeds in hurricanes using GPS dropwindsonde data
D) To propose a new method for estimating hurricane surface wind speeds
E) To analyze the impact of hurricanes on coastal infrastructure and communities
7. According to the article, what was the primary reason for the revision of Hurricane Andrew's estimated wind speeds from 145 mph to 165 mph?
A) The introduction of GPS dropwindsondes
B) The analysis of dropwindsonde data from Hurricane Andrew
C) Criticism of the National Hurricane Center's intensity estimates
D) The study by Powell and Black (1990)
E) The variability of reduction factors for converting flight-level winds to surface winds
8. The article mentions that Hurricane Mitch in 1998 exhibited higher wind speeds near the surface despite relatively lower flight-level winds. What does this suggest about the storm's weakening trend?
A) The storm was weakening from the "bottom-up"
B) The storm was weakening from the "top-down"
C) The storm was not weakening at all
D) The storm's weakening trend was consistent throughout its vertical profile
E) The storm's weakening trend could not be determined from the available data
1. 正确答案: C
解释: 文章主要讨论了GPS dropwindsondes的引入及其在飓风强度评估中的重要性。这一点在文章的开头部分就有明确的阐述。
2. 正确答案: D
解释: 文章提到,对1992年飓风安德鲁的dropwindsonde数据分析表明,当飓风接近佛罗里达州南部时,最大持续地表风速大约是10,000英尺飞机高度测得风速的90%。
3. 正确答案: B
解释: 文章建议对于通常在热带风暴中飞行的850 mb高度,将飞行高度风速转换为地表风速的减小因子为0.80。
4. 正确答案: D
解释: 文章提到,影响将飞行高度风速转换为地表风速的减小因子变异性的因素主要有风速、气旋对流强度和海表温度。
5. 正确答案: D
解释: 文章表明,30层高楼顶部的风速平均会比地表风速高出约20 mph(一个Saffir-Simpson等级)。
6. 正确答案: C
解释: 文章的主要目的是利用GPS dropwindsonde数据研究飓风中飞行高度和地表风速之间的关系。这一点在文章的结果和分析部分得到了体现。
7. 正确答案: B
解释: 文章提到,对1992年飓风安德鲁的dropwindsonde数据分析导致了安德鲁估计风速从145 mph修正为165 mph。
8. 正确答案: B
解释: 文章提到,1998年的飓风米奇尽管在飞行高度风速相对较低,但在近地表处表现出更高的风速。这表明飓风米奇是从"上至下"减弱
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发表于 2024-4-10 08:56:18
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